Shariah and sufism in islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shariah and sufism in islam - Essay Example quires one to accept the laws of Shariah wholeheartedly and a Muslim should be spiritually involved in making all possible efforts in order to follow the rules of Shariah. Shariah stands as the highest level of goodness one can achieve in this world, and to a Muslim nothing is more important than following Shariah. Shariah gives the Muslims a complete code of life, and guides the Muslims on all matters of this world and the world hereafter. Muslims seek guidance for their matters of daily life from two main sources. First, their Holy Book Quran. Second, the Sunnah of their Holy Prophet Muhammed (P. B. U. H.). The Muslims’ consideration of the Holy Quran is as follows. Every machine we purchase comes with a hand book that mentions every thing about that machine and guides the buyer on how to use the machine so that it would function safely and efficiently throughout the estimated life of that machine. The hand book gives complete information about what temperature and surroundi ngs should the machine be used in, what is the maximum load the machine can take, what precautionary measures should be taken to ensure the machine’s safe functioning and also provides the user with guidance on the matters of repair and maintenance. Likewise, when Allah Almighty created human beings, He gave them a complete book to follow throughout their life. Allah named His Book â€Å"Quran†. He sent the Holy Quran for all human beings to seek guidance from through His Prophet Muhammed (P. B. U. H.). The Holy Quran serves as a complete guide for all human beings. It is a written form of Allah’s interaction with humans. Through the Holy Quran, Allah has conveyed his message to the human beings. Allah has mentioned in the Holy Quran how the humans are supposed to live their life. The Quran provides guidance on all matters in all walks of life. Hence, it is the guide sent for the human beings just like the hand book that comes with a machine as mentioned in the example quoted above.

Marketing Management For The Service Industry Marketing Essay

Marketing Management For The Service Industry Marketing Essay Marketing analisys is a fundamental tool in constructing successful business. Understanding the market and where the firm is positioned helps to identify various factors that can influence company and its clients in order to figure out the feasibility of the product, distinguish project or possible evolution (Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. 2004). Therefore companies tend to adapt their approaches on business to the marketing environment. This report is the analysis of promotional strategy of the property described in the case study:  «Golden Arch Hotel: McDonalds Adventure in the Hotel Industry » from different perspectives. It discusses the examples of additional 3Ps of the Marketing Mix model, determines PEST and SWOT analysis, indicates the value that is created by this particular organization and evaluates the positioning concept of the firm. All discussed ideas are supported with examples from the case study, and some other theoretical information. Such are critically analysed and presented according to different methods of analyses. 2. Findings, Results and Analysis 2.1. Question 1 Explain the additional 3 Ps of the 7 Ps model and illustrate with examples from the case study. Analyze and explain how each one of those characteristics is important in the success of the Golden Arch Hotels. (written by Jae Woo Martin Jeong) Generally speaking, 7Ps marketing mix tools have become more and more important since the traditional marketing tools 4Ps were not enough to give a frame work for thinking of marketing and planning marketing strategy especially for service industries (Wilson and Gilligan 2005, p. 6). The additional 3Ps consisting of People, Process and Physical Evidence will be distinctively explained bellow with the examples from the case study and a simple graph of them will be shown on Appendix 1. People The first dimension of the expanded marketing mix is People. It indicates individuals who are directly and indirectly involved in providing customer satisfaction (Blythe 2009, p. 16). Golden Arch Hotel was running its hotels under the motivational job rotation principle according to the McDonalds restaurant philosophy, which aims to implement the consistent service standards for all the tasks. This was not only to bring customers satisfaction but also to produce synergy effect during the peak seasons by assigning employees to different positions and tasks (Michel 2005, p. 3~4). Process The second dimension is the Process, which is about how the product or service is delivered to clients to please them (Wilson and Gilligan 2005, p. 534). Golden Arch Hotel was giving high priority on cleanliness of the rooms by adopting McDonalds service standards (Michel 2005, p. 3), which is one of the most crucial factors for the guests satisfaction. Another distinguished process of Golden Arch Hotel was the hotels 24 hours operated McDonalds restaurant (Michel 2005, pp. 3). 24 hours food and beverage service was very unusual to find in Switzerland, however, it enabled both in-house and drive-through guests to get the meal at any time of the day. Physical Evidence The last dimension is Physical Evidence, which means the tangible proof of a service, such as: environmental surroundings of the products and services, ambient elements and everything that can be communicated how service has been delivered (Jeong, 2004). In the case of Golden Arch Hotel, it seemed to focus more on the guest rooms than any other hotel with facilities for guests comfort. Its efforts were proved by implementing in-room high-tech facilities such as electronic key, internet access and other computer facilities and investing large amount of money to accommodate oversized beds. Furthermore, it was also offering meeting rooms that could be flexibly transformed according to the numbers and the needs of the customers. In the case study about the Golden Arch Hotel, the important and undeniable role of additional 3Ps in the marketing mix tools are stated fairly clear through Golden Arch Hotels competitive advantages towards its competitors. That is because of the precise and reasonable use of marketing mix tools of the hotel management. 2.2. Question 3 The SWOT analysis is useful in creating a strategy that helps a business distinguish itself from its competitors. Why did the McDonalds decide to enter the hotel industry? What were the companys strengths that they hoped to transfer into this new venture? Were they able to do this? Why or why not? (Written by Diogo Pessoa e Costa) McDonalds Corporation decided to enter the hotel industry in the early 2000. This was part of a diversification strategy, which is proven way of generating new growth and to try to avoid complete market saturation. Another important reason was that the chairman of McDonalds Switzerland, Urs Hammer, came from an hotelier background and his knowledge and experience in the business was valued in taking over such a project. He firmly believed that the sharing of knowledge between the different restaurants would permit the emergence of new services or products. A SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or a business venture. It involves identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve specific goals and objectives. McDonalds hoped to transfer several of their strengths into this new business. These strengths included the fact that they provided fast and friendly service. The hotel crew would therefore consist of a permanent employee pool that could implement the consistent service standards for every task in order to better serve the guests. High focus was given to the interior design and layout of the hotel as well as room cleanliness and comfort. The firm also used their decent relationship with their suppliers and local communities as a marketing strong point to restore their image after several discoveries of unsanitary practices in McDonalds restaurants. Several weaknesses were found into this new adventure. First of all, one of McDonalds biggest problems had to do with their positioning statement. A four-star hotel in Switzerland means luxury therefore it did not match McDonalds brand image at all. Also, most analysts were not very convinced that this expansion fit well with the corporations overall strategy. This was just a test and there was no real possibility of penetrating other important markets. By examining customer feedback, you can clearly identify the hotels main weaknesses. The only food available was McDonalds and since the hotel was relatively isolated, you had almost no possibility of eating somewhere else. Also, the staff did not prove to be so friendly and some guests felt the hotel was odd and did not like the atmosphere created by the design. Finally, the brand name Golden Arch was not chosen carefully since the two words do not translate well into the German language. By identifying the different opportunities, you realize that the hotel has a great potential for success but unfortunately, it is not being used to the best of its capacity. Since the Golden Arch was an airport hotel, it could negotiate contracts with airlines or surrounding large companies in order to retain market share for layovers. Due to its proximity with the Zà ¼rich Messe and the Autobahn, the hotel could put in place an efficient marketing strategy that would also attract Frequent Individual travelers coming from all around the world. The threats involving such a project come from the hard competition surrounding hotels in Zà ¼rich. McDonalds had to compete with well-established hotel chains such as Mà ¶venpick, Hilton, and the Accor Group. Several of this hotels had a fine dining, had larger meeting rooms, and were situated either closer to the airport or to major business centers. Within three years, the 7500 hotels rooms in Zà ¼rich were to be supplemented by around 3000 more rooms. The danger was that the market was reaching over-capacity and this would have negative consequences for the Golden Arch and the surrounding hotels, both in terms of occupancy and ADR. Another threat was the fact that the Swiss Human resources were drying out. Nobody wanted the do the simple and dirty jobs (except for foreigners) and it was almost impossible to find chefs or front office personnel. This conditions favored labor piracy. 2.3. Question 4 According to theory, what is value and how is it created by a hospitality organization? How does the Golden Arch Company attempt to create value for its customers? Did they succeed? Illustrate with examples from the case study. (Written by Malgorzata Szal) (references?) Hospitality companies strategies nowadays are continuously developing through new trends and fashions that are instituted by people globally. They try to create new and innovative marketing strategy to give their brand a significant meaning. In this industry, clients satisfaction is the most important objective, therefore companies invest in their benefits and values in order to keep their promises by delivering successfully. Due to this process, people are able to differentiate one brand from one another and as well decide which company offers the most for them. Every potential guest possesses different values, which are determined by factors such as culture, traditions, birthplace and family status. Hotels around the world try to attract and satisfy the biggest part of their market target by researching, understanding and analyzing their needs and consequently provide them with what they desire. Because of that, value is mostly created through packages, which means products are mixed and sold together with service provided. Usually they include accommodation, food and entertainment. Such combination increases significantly the value of the service products. Once we understand the fundamental laws of the physical and social world, we can analyze, plan and control them (Smart, 1992) Golden Arch Company before reaching standards of four stars hotels had analyzed all customers needs. As they decided to attract businessmen their design was focused on this type of guests. They provide many benefits to create value for their client which are presented in physical evidence part of Appendix 1. Bith hotels of Golden Arch company can be accessed easily. People traveling by car can use the underground parking or above ground parking and eat in their McDonalds restaurant, open 24 hours which is unusual in Switzerland. The hotels designers tried as well to improve guests satisfaction by creating a unique layout of the building and to give an impression of larger rooms by placing the bathroom behind a glass door, which unfortunately raised complaints and the doors had to be replaced. All the managers and employees were determined to succeed and they delivered. Their occupancy rate is not high but the hotel started to make profit from the first month of its operation. Unfortunately, the rate of returning guests is very low. People are not satisfied of the whole concept of a four star hotel run by McDonald Company. Daniel Deutscher, the owner of DEKA Treuhand was very surprised when he heard of this investment. It is hard to believe and imagine the McDonalds hotel to achieve four stars. There are standards that are hard to cover. Some guests complaints were about the service quality in the front desk saying it is very poor (Michel 2005, p. 7) and about the bad decoration of the lobby, bar or even the bedroom influencing the atmosphere (Michel 2005, p. 6) Golden Arch Company tried to combine its well known fast food brand image of McDonalds with four-star luxury hotel brand. According to the figures shown in exhibits in the case study, this idea has not been a success as forecasted. 2.4. Question 5 Explain the concept of Positioning and describe how The Golden Arch Hotel was positioned in this very competitive market. What market segments was the hotel hoping to reach? Did the company succeed? Why or why not? (Written by Kateryna Krupka) Positioning is defined as  «arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the mind of consumers » (Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T. and Makens, J.C. 2010). According to the same authors, such has to be designed taking in consideration customer value differences, and therefore either increasing the benefits of the product, either decreasing some of its costs. As it is described in the case study, it was decided to position the Golden Arch Hotel as a 4-star property with luxury service and some business facilities. The hotel most probably attempted to reach the customers, coming from the airport for a night stay, as well as wealthy business people with a need of advanced comfort, coming for the meetings or conferences. However this appeared to be done unsuccessfully due to some factors, analysis of these is provided onwards. One of the most significant issues in regards to a hotel property is dining facilities. In discussed case McDonalds restaurant was the only place for the guests to eat, which might be enough for the people who are staying overnight, but seem to be not acceptable for the customers who stay longer. Furthermore, if the aimed customer was expected to stay some days entertainment facilities should have been provided, but this was not the case. Another important point is that Golden Arch had some of the additional facilities such as conference rooms and beds that modify their position, but did not fulfill some of the basic needs of its customers. One of these is need of food and drinks, as it was discussed before. The other one is safety need that was not fulfilled due to hotels location close to the large avenue and small amount of people around. However, according to one of the quests, the prices for the rooms were of high range. This also signifies that wealthy people were aimed to be attracted. Meanwhile guests were complaining about not getting immidiate service, having to ring the bell for the receptionist to come, as well as to ask for the possibility of having rooms sold at a better rate. Furthermore there was a situation decribed when the guests were clearly at the position of cheaper  «post 9pm walk-in » rate, and were not told that such posibility exists. Moreover these costomers were told to buy three rooms for five people at the full price. Clearly such suggestion did not satisfy their expectations. This attitude towards clients damages reputation of the property and affects its positioning in a negative way. Thus, it can be generalized, that all the details in the product have to coinside with the image drawn by positioning. Additionaly, inside the rooms there were many signes indicating that the hotel belongs to McDonalds company, however from outside this was not the case. According to the appendixes of the case ctudy, the logo of the hotel is different, and the name does not have  «McDonalds » in it, moreover, it is silently located by the side of the road. These should probably be done vice-versa, as the signs and logo might attract the guest to the property from outside and seem not to be needed inside of the rooms in such quantity. It it suggested that  «If the company promises greater value, it must then deliver greater value » (Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T. and Makens, J.C. 2010). Failure of compliance of this is probably the reason of unsuccessful positioning of the Golden Arch brand. The image, ambiance and service are seem to be transfered from the McDonalds restaurant insted of being developed specifically for the hotel. Nevertheless McDonalds brand statement is  «Everyday affordability » (MacDonald 2008) and the Golden Arch meant to be luxury, however these two types of brand do not normally attract the same market. Therefore some issues were not addressed properly, such as fulfilling basic needs of the guests, selling accommodation at a price that corresponds the level of its facilities and providing appropriate service. 3. Conclusions In a competitive marketing environment, located close to Zurich airport and A1 highway, Golden Arch hotels seemed to be successfully at implementing McDonalds service standard into their hotels, high-tech facilities and unique design features. These were enforcing the image of the property and helping to sell its services. However poor customer satisfaction as well as improper positioning led to destruction of the brand image in the minds of clients. After the analyses were done, it was recognised that there are some changes that should have been done by the company in order to improve such situation. Firstly the company should have re-evaluated its service standards before implementing to the luxury segment. Secondly, they should have implemented impactive service audit program. Furthermore they could have matched the design with the class of hotel and type of customers. Finally, the hotel should have either repositioned itself as a lower-class property, either added some facilities that match 4-star range, such as, for example, one more restaurant. 4. Appendixes Appendix 1 (Michel, S. 2005)

Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, King of the Franks :: Medieval Europe European History

Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, King of the Franks Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, King of the Franks (742-814), was a strong leader who unified Western Europe through military power and the blessing of the Church. His belief in the need for education among the Frankish people was to bring about religious, political, and educational reforms that would change the history of Europe. Charlemagne was born in 742 at Aachen, the son of Pepin(or Pippin) the Short and grandson of Charles Martel. His grandfather, Charles, had begun the process of unifying western Europe, in the belief that all people should be Christian. Charlemagne's father, Pepin, continued this process throughout his rule and passed his beliefs on to Charlemagne. All three, in addition to the political unification, believed that the church should be reformed and reorganized under the Pope, which helped their rise to power as the Carolingian Dynasty. (Holmes 74) Upon Pepin's death in 768, Charlemagne and his brother, Carloman, each inherited half of the Frankish kingdom. Pepin, in the Merovingian tradition of the time, split his kingdom between his two sons. Three years later Carloman died and Charlemagne took control of the entire kingdom. He inherited great wealth and a powerful army, built by his father and grandfather. Charlemagne used the army and his own skillful planning to more than double the size of the Frankish Kingdom. (Halsall 15) The world of Charlemagne was a heathen one, with many warring tribes or kingdoms. Many of these tribes were conquered by Charlemagne, among them the Aquitanians, the Lombards, the Saxons, the Bretons, the Bavarians, the Huns, and the Danes. The longest of these battles was against the Saxons, lasting thirty-three years. Charlemagne actually defeated them many times, but due to their faithlessness and their propensity to return to their pagan lifestyle, the Saxons lost many lives in the prolonged battles with the Franks. With each conquest the Frankish kingdom grew, and with growth came additional power and responsibility for Charlemagne. In each area of Europe that was taken over by Charlemagne, he removed the leaders if they would not convert to Christianity and appointed new ones, usually someone with high position in the Church. Those people who refused to convert or be baptized in the church were put to death. (Holmes 75) The Church played a vital role in the kingdom of Charlemagne. It gave a sense of stability to Charlemagne's rule, and he in turn provided stability in the Church. The people conquered by Charlemagne, after being converted to Christianity, were taught through the Bible a unified code of right and wrong. It was necessary for the Church to play a role in this education of the people,

Biomagnification Lab Report Essay

PROCEDURE The pile of M&M’s represents the phytoplankton population in a lake. The printed â€Å"M† on the candy represents the amount of DDT (in ppm) the algae ingested from pesticide runoff from a nearby agricultural area. There are 100 M&M’s in the pile. Each circle below represents on phytoplankton. Mark the amount of toxin each phytoplankton has ingested. If there is a full â€Å"M† stamped on the candy then that phytoplankton has ingested 1 ppm of DDT, so write â€Å"1† in one of the circles below. If there is no â€Å"M† on the candy then that phytoplankton did not ingest any DDT so write a â€Å"O† in one of the circles below. If there is a partial â€Å"M† on the candy then estimate how much of the â€Å"M† there is. For example, if there is only on hump of the â€Å"M† then that would equal  ½ a unit of DDT ingested by that phytoplankton so you would fill in one of the circles below with  ½. Zooplankton in the lake (population size 20) each eat 5 algae. Move 5 M&M’s into each of the zooplankton cups. Record the amount of DDT each zooplankton has ingested using the instructions from step 1. Write these amounts onto the individual copepod pictures below. Minnows (population size 5) in the lake each eat 4 zooplankton, ingesting energy and the toxin that is stored in the zooplankton as well. Move the correct number of M&M’s from the zooplankton cups into the minnows cups. Record the amount of DDT ingested by each of the small fish onto the fish below using the instructions from step 1 to  calculate the total amount of each fish. Two eels then come along for dinner. One eels eats 2 minnows and the other eel eats 3 minnows. Move the correct number of M&M’s from the minnow cups into the eel cups. Write the amount of DDT ingested by the each eel onto the pictures below. Use the instructions from step 1 to calculate the total amount of DDT for each. Finally, an osprey flies by and eats both eels. Move the correct number of M&M’s from the eel cups into the osprey bowl. Calculate and then write the total amount of DDT ingested by the osprey onto the picture below. OBJECTIVES Visualize the processes of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Distinguish between the similar concepts of bioaccumulation and biomagnification using a mathematical model. Calculate the amount of energy gained/lost through the energy transfers of a typical food chain. Review trophic level names and energy characteristics. BACKGROUND DDT was the first synthesized insect pesticide that was widely used throughout the globe after the WW II. In the case of numerous African nations, this pesticide proved its soaring popularity due to its primordial ability to fend off disease-carrying mosquitoes. While it still does not change the fact that mosquitoes posed a noteworthy threat to the globe’s health, the situations regarding the contagious Malaria flu reached its peak in African nations. Therefore, naturally, people began to use this pesticide in order to kill off all the mosquitoes within the vicinity of their respective habitats. However, chaotic consequences ensued. The organisms in the numerous African ecosystems began to assimilate toxic substances into their bodies, resulting in greater environmental harm along with enhanced pollutions. One dominant example would be birds. Most species of birds need numerous substantial provisions of calcium in order to lay healthy eggs. However, because of the growing amount of toxins, the eggs won’t hatch properly. And, even if it does, the baby birds will either live to see the next sunrise before their deaths or die immediately. This caused a sharp population decline for bird  species such as Osprey, Brown Pelicans, and Bald Eagles. Fortunately, the American government recognized the potential threat of this pesticide relatively early, responding by banning the commercial use of this organochlorine pesticide. In or der to prevent this situation from blooming into a full-scale crisis, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was introduced at the Conference of Plenipotentiaries to try and eliminate and/or control the use of DDT and other POPs around the world. This convention received over 150 countries’ consensus, thus banning the use of DDT at all costs. PROCESSING WITH TABLES The above tables represent the total sets of data that I have gathered during my lab. Disregarding the semi-tables that display the process of calculations, the first column of my table depicts the average amount of DDT ingestion for each and every species. Since I knew the formula to get the said data, I was able to process this column with comparably more ease than the other ones. The second column depicts the amount of energy for one  species under each category. For example, only one phytoplankton contains 200 kcal within its body. Likewise, that column of my table depicts the amount of energy that each individual of the species have within their bodies. The next column, column C, shows the total amount of energy for each and every categories through kcal. For instance, there are 100 phytoplanktons in the lake. Each phytoplankton contains 200 kcal of energy within their bodies. Therefore, if you multiply 200 with 100, you get the total amount of energy which is 20000. The last column basically illustrates the name of the trophic level the species belong in this lab. You can see that the phytoplanktons, which are a type of green algae, is the primary produce that supports that entire ecosystem through its ability of photosynthesis. Next, you can see that copepods are the primary producers, or herbivore, that eat the phytoplanktons. The copepods are eaten by a small fish known as the minnows, and they mark the place of the secondary consumers. Next, the eels come as tertiary consumers due to their predation on the minnows. However, the top, or quaternary, consumer would be the osprey in this case. Osprey feeds on eels, and there are no other predators that hunt ospreys in this lab. DATA ANALYSIS Summary of Data Trends Compare the amount of DDT found in the osprey with the amount of toxin found in one phytoplankton. Be specific. Discuss numerical evidence.  The amount of DDT found in the osprey with the amount found in one phytoplankton are vastly different to say the very least. In phytoplankton, the average amount of consumed DDT is about 0.28 ppm. This contrasts greatly to the one measured from the osprey, for they have the total amount of 28 ppm of DDT ingested within its body. While it still does not change the fact that phytoplanktons are the ones who directly consume DDT from their surrounding environment, it is surprising to note that the actual amount of toxins are far less than those of one osprey. The calculations reveal that one osprey have about 10 times more ppm of DDT inside its body than one phytoplankton. This is due to the process of biomagnification, which states that as the predation progresses higher up in the food chain, the amount of absorbed toxins will only augment. Write a paragraph where you compare and contrast what your pyramids tell you. Discuss similarities and difference between the pyramids, above and beyond the obvious. Do the various shaped make sense, given what you know about food chains in general and biomagnifications? Why or why not? First, there are three drawn pyramids: Energy, Typical, and Number. Energy pyramid basically depicts the flow of energy through the food chain using indicative arrows. This will contribute in displaying how the energy is lost and gained as the predation commences. It is obviously important to know the concept of energy pyramid, for it complements the theory that states that the majority of the gained energy is lost in order to maintain metabolism for most of the organisms. Number pyramid depicts the number of each organisms per trophic level. This pyramid is quite interesting because this pyramid is the only one showing the estimated quantity of the organisms in an ecosystem. Notice how many phytoplanktons are required to maintain and feed one osprey. Likewise, there has to be producers of vastly greater numbers in order to sustain only a few of the top consumers. Not only that, but the number of organisms shows a significant decline as the trophic level progresses, proving the fact that each trophic level requires more of its previous trophic level to maintain its population as a whole. A typical ecological pyramid shows the most fundamental relationships through the depiction of a food chain. All it shows are the designated trophic levels such as the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and so on. The shapes of the pyramid are usually a triangle. This shapes pretty much works for nearly all the cases. and I believe the shapes depicted by the three pyramids do make sense. To specify, the triangle becomes steeper and narrower as the trophic level progresses. Numerically and diagrammatically, the shape of a triangle will be fit to satisfy all three food pyramids. OBSERVATION During the data that I have collected, a clear augmentation of the amount of toxins are easy to recognize throughout. This is because of the process known as the biomagnification. As you can see from the table, the amount of absorbed toxins are continuously increasing through additional trophic  levels. This undoubtedly demonstrates the said theory while illuminating the fact that DDT is a fat-soluble pollutant, therefore proving it impossibly difficult to secret through waste. My observations state that the amount of acquired energy are dwindling as the trophic level progresses. This is clearly due to the 10% rule, which states that the existing trophic level will only be able to obtain only the 10% of the energy previously obtained by its predecessor. This is due to the fact that energy, once gathered, are extremely expendable by variety of methods. The organisms tend to use most of its gathered energies before being consumed by its predators, therefore bequeathing only a few per centage of its primary energy. With that said, notice how the osprey, the top dog of the food chain, received the most toxin with the least energy. CONCLUSION In conclusion, I have learned that the process of biomagnification along with accumulation can have a dramatic impact on an ecosystem as a whole. Since this lab primarily deemed DDT as the pesticide at hand, I was also able to read the briefed version of its history while understanding the harmful effects it has on the ecosystems and the organisms as a whole. Furthermore, I was also acquainted with a few conceptions in regards to calculating the total energy while at the same time applying the 10% rule for the energy reductions. It was a very worthwhile experience to know how much of a real-world problem these chemical regulations are as well as the everlasting impacts of the fat-soluble pollutants that continue to plague numerous ecosystems even today. Not only that, I learned to visualize the processes of bioaccumulation and magnification while being able to distinguish between the two using both scientific and mathematical models. Finally, even though I am already familiar with th is concept, it was quite refreshing to bring in the names and levels of trophic levels into this lab. I was able to connect the said knowledge directly to the topic that I am dealing right now. With that said, I believe I have gathered more than sufficient information that would aid me in the future regarding the concepts of biomagnification and accumulation. EVALUATION Overall, this was a decent lab that served its purpose of demonstrating the concepts regarding the process of bioaccumulation along with magnification. The lab provided sufficient background information, and the procedures were concise and easy to understand. However, I would like to make it clear that this lab could’ve been more productive and exciting if made online and virtual. Due to the fact that this activity was error-sensitive, the lab itself was very emotionally-provocative. I personally made one big error in regards to counting, and my group was forced to redo the whole counting again in the hopes of getting it finally correct. Frustrated would be the least of what I truly felt during the process of redoing. Therefore, this lab could’ve been shaped into a much better activity if I get to do it with my laptop. This will surely save a lot of time while at the same time be a bit less annoying and tedious. Furthermore, doing this lab on a computer will also grant anyone an easier access to Google Drive or any means of recording medium. Through these basic amenities, I could always jot down things that compose my lab report there and then. Doing this entire lab physically with all the tokens and bowls will be troublesome to say the least. It would be way better if this lab was translated electronically onto a computer.

My first job experience

I appreciate the most. I feel the individual who I respect most is A. R. Raman. He is an composer, vocalist lyricist, music maker, performer and donor. For the duration of my life, music has dependably been a significant Impact. Music Is an exceptionally Imperative piece of our live, and the Individuals who make music are extremely extraordinary In this world. I appreciate A. R. Raman In light of the way that being a musical artist Is an extraordinary vocation on the grounds that the compensation is great, hard specialist and he got many awards.Most importantly, Raman is the extraordinary music composers in India. He is the writer and also an author and artist. Raman gets compensated as a rate of the quality his songs gets sold. He gets about RSI. 2 to 4 score for one film. The way it meets expectations for a top music author is this: he charges around 10 to 20 lake rupees for every tune; If there are six tunes, he gets paid RSI. 60 lake to 1 to 2 score. In Dalton to this Raman lives up to expectations hard to accomplish his objectives. For Instance when he Is nine his father was dead from that point he starts playing console and orchestrates groups, for example, Roots.He comprehended the console, piano, synthesizer, harmonium and guitar. He got many awards in India as well as in different nations too like Oscar for best melody in Slum dog Millionaire. In spite of the fact that A. R. Raman acquire a normal compensation of around 2 to 4 score for every film, this is just following 10-15 years of being in the music business. Before they achieve this pay, most artists likely battle Just to make a proper living and pay the bills. But at that point then there are plentiful, there are numerous different reasons, other than compensation, his dedicated nature and getting recompenses for his diligent work.

How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain

How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain Independence from Spain came suddenly for most of Latin America. Between 1810 and 1825, most of Spains former colonies had declared and won independence and had divided up into republics. Sentiment had been growing in the colonies for some time, dating back to the American Revolution. Although Spanish forces efficiently quashed most early rebellions, the idea of independence had taken root in the minds of the people of Latin America and continued to grow. Napoleons invasion of Spain (1807-1808) provided the spark the rebels needed. Napoleon, seeking to expand his empire, attacked and defeated Spain, and he put his elder brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. This act made for a perfect excuse for secession, and by the time Spain had gotten rid of Joseph in 1813 most of their former colonies had declared themselves independent. Spain fought valiantly to hold on to its rich colonies. Although the independence movements took place at about the same time, the regions were not united, and each area had its own leaders and history. Independence in Mexico Independence in Mexico was sparked by Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest living and working in the small town of Dolores. He and a small group of conspirators started the rebellion by ringing the church bells on the morning of September 16, 1810. This act became known as the Cry of Dolores. His ragtag army made it partway to the capital before being driven back, and Hidalgo himself was captured and executed in July of 1811. Its leader gone, the Mexican Independence movement almost failed, but the command was assumed by Josà © Marà ­a Morelos, another priest, and a talented field marshal. Morelos won a series of impressive victories against Spanish forces before being captured and executed in December 1815. The rebellion continued, and two new leaders came to prominence: Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria, both of whom commanded large armies in the south and south-central parts of Mexico. The Spanish sent out a young officer, Agustà ­n de Iturbide, at the head of a large army to quash the rebellion once and for all in 1820. Iturbide, however, was distressed over political developments in Spain and switched sides. With the defection of its largest army, Spanish rule in Mexico was essentially over, and Spain formally recognized Mexicos independence on August 24, 1821. Independence in Northern South America The independence struggle in northern Latin America began in 1806 when Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda first attempted to liberate his homeland with British help. This attempt failed, but Miranda returned in 1810 to head up the First Venezuelan Republic with Simà ³n Bolà ­var and others. Bolà ­var fought the Spanish in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia for several years, decisively beating them several times. By 1822, those countries were free, and Bolà ­var set his sights on Peru, the last and mightiest Spanish holdout on the continent. Along with his close friend and subordinate Antonio Josà © de Sucre, Bolà ­var won two important victories in 1824: at Junà ­n, on August 6, and at Ayacucho on December 9. Their forces routed, the Spanish signed a peace agreement shortly after the battle of Ayacucho. Independence in Southern South America Argentina drew up its own government on May 25, 1810, in response to Napoleons capture of Spain, although it would not formally declare independence until 1816. Although Argentine rebel forces fought several small battles with Spanish forces, most of their efforts went towards fighting larger Spanish garrisons in Peru and Bolivia. The fight for Argentine Independence was led by Josà © de San Martà ­n, an Argentine native who had been trained as a military officer in Spain. In 1817, he crossed the Andes into Chile, where Bernardo OHiggins and his rebel army had been fighting the Spanish to a draw since 1810. Joining forces, the Chileans and Argentines soundly defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Maipà º (near Santiago, Chile) on April 5, 1818, effectively ending Spanish control over the southern part of South America. Independence in the Caribbean Although Spain lost all of their colonies on the mainland by 1825, it retained control over Cuba and Puerto Rico. It had already lost control of Hispaniola due to slave uprisings in Haiti. In Cuba, Spanish forces put down several major rebellions, including one which lasted from 1868 to 1878. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes led it. Another major attempt at independence took place in 1895 when ragtag forces including Cuban poet and patriot Josà © Martà ­ were defeated at the Battle of Dos Rà ­os. The revolution was still simmering in 1898 when the United States and Spain fought the Spanish-American War. After the war, Cuba became a US protectorate and was granted independence in 1902. In Puerto Rico, nationalist forces staged occasional uprisings, including a notable one in 1868. None were successful, however, and Puerto Rico did not become independent from Spain until 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War. The island became a protectorate of the United States, and it has been so ever since. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence. 1st edition, Harry N. Abrams, September 1, 2000. Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986. Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003. Shumway, Nicolas. The Invention of Argentina. University of California Press, March 18, 1993. Villalpando, Josà © Manuel. .Miguel Hidalgo Mexico City: Editorial Planeta, 2002.

ARGUING A POSITION Essays - Facebook, Social Networking Services

ARGUING A POSITION Essays - Facebook, Social Networking Services ARGUING A POSITION SOACIAL COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES My Position: Facebook Positive impacts and effects in society As the world develops, ways of communication has also changed. Many new technologies and ways has been introduced to communicate with people all over the world eve to the unknown. Social communication technologies can be defined as technologies used to communicate, convey and manipulate with friends, family, colleagues and people all around the planet with the help of electronical devices. Social communication technologies have been varied from e-mails, text messages, video chatting and later developed to social communication applications and websites like WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and also includes any applications and services which helps to connect people anywhere in the world. Among all of these, nowadays, Facebook has greater impact among people around the world, especially youngsters. Facebook has expanded its domain all over the world with in few years of incorporation and now has a greater influence among all kinds of people irrespective of economical stability, development, color, caste and religion. As Facebook connects people all around the planet, irrespective of any dissimilarities, it has also the power to influence the society in positive way. World has witnessed to many movements which is started by various Facebook groups or forums. People in this generation are more concerned about the importance of conserving natural resources and use it sustainably, by saving for the future generations too. When we get introduced to various people across the world, we are started to learn more about their culture and practices among them and to respect every culture by knowing its importance which in turn leads to reduction in bullying and discrimination in name of nationality, culture, beliefs and so on. Regular and active involvement in Facebook and other social media helps to maintain social responsibility and to develop our own vies regarding various problems and issues faced by society in terms of gender discrimination, legality and neutrality of marriage between same gender, righ ts of transgender, issues between various countries, diplomatic steps to be taken and so on. Moreover, Facebook is also a platform to present the views and opinions regarding a subject matter freely. The revolution which took place in the beginning of second decade of this century in Egypt and later dispersed to Syria and Libya to bring an end to autocratic rule prevailed there for many decades. This was a real example of free thinking youngsters, whose rage was transferred to great movement in the history of the world. Facebook also positively affects the economy of many countries in positive way. Apart from creating and providing vast employment opportunities, Facebook has also engaged in social responsible activities. Besides providing many jobs directly, it also opens door to many indirect jobs in the field of information technology and in many infrastructural facility development areas. There are many job opportunities opened in the field of marketing and advertisement making of products and services. Tax paid by corporates in the field of information technologies including Facebook provides indirect development of the lifestyle of people among the society which leads in improving living conditions. Besides, Facebook helps people to find out other people they know their superiors, subordinates, old friends and to maintain contact with them and to control functions in the company and to take important decisions without physically present in meeting but by creating and texting to group created by including various members who are directly connected with the project. Facebook also spread its hands of help while when the world faced serious disasters. For an instance many people donated through Facebook when Japan faced earthquake in the beginning of this decade and to people starved in many countries. At the same time many people marked their status as safe during a flood, which helped the rescue team to know their location and to provide them enough help as soon as possible. Facebook had a great impact during the political elections among two largest democracies in the world and in taking legal elections. Facebook had used widely among the US Presidential by Obama in 2012 and in Indian Parliament election in 2014. Government made important decisions by surveying the opinion of many people and by analysing vies of people in Facebook. Many legal decisions

A Brief History of the KGB and Its Origins

A Brief History of the KGB and Its Origins If you grafted the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), added a few hefty tablespoons of paranoia and repression, and translated the whole megillah into Russian, you might wind up with something like the KGB. The Soviet Unions main internal and external security agency from 1954 until the breakup of the U.S.S.R. in 1991, the KGB wasnt created from scratch, but rather inherited much of its techniques, personnel, and political orientation from the greatly feared agencies that preceded it. Before the KGB: The Cheka, the OGPU  and the NKVD In the aftermath of the October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Lenin, the head of the newly formed U.S.S.R., needed a way to keep the population (and his fellow revolutionaries) in check. His answer was to create the Cheka, an abbreviation of The All-Russian Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage. During the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920, the Cheka - led by the one-time Polish aristocrat Felix - arrested, tortured, and executed thousands of citizens. In the course of this Red Terror, the Cheka perfected the system of summary execution used by subsequent Russian intelligence agencies: a single shot to the back of the victims neck, preferably in a dark dungeon. In 1923, the Cheka, still under Dzerzhinsky, mutated into the OGPU (the Joint State Political Directorate Under the  Council of Peoples Commissars  of the U.S.S.R. - Russians have never been good at catchy names). The OGPU operated during a relatively uneventful period in Soviet history (no massive purges, no internal deportations of millions of ethnic minorities), but this agency did preside over the creation of the first Soviet gulags. The OGPU also viciously persecuted religious organizations (including the Russian Orthodox Church) in addition to its usual duties of rooting out dissenters and saboteurs. Unusually for a director of a Soviet intelligence agency, Felix Dzerzhinsky died of natural causes, dropping dead of a heart attack after denouncing leftists to the Central Committee. Unlike these earlier agencies, the NKVD (The Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs) was purely the brainchild of Joseph Stalin. The NKVD was chartered around the same time Stalin orchestrated the murder of Sergei Kirov, an event he used as an excuse to purge the upper ranks of the Communist Party and strike terror into the populace. In the 12  years of its existence, from 1934 to 1946, the NKVD arrested and executed literally millions of people, stocked the gulags with millions more miserable souls, and relocated entire ethnic populations within the vast expanse of the U.S.S.R. Being an NKVD head was a dangerous occupation: Genrikh Yagoda was arrested and executed in 1938, Nikolai Yezhov in 1940, and Lavrenty Beria in 1953 (during the power struggle that followed the death of Stalin). The Ascension  of the KGB After the end of World War II  and before his execution, Lavrenty Beria presided over the Soviet security apparatus, which remained in a somewhat fluid state of multiple acronyms and organizational structures. Most of the time, this body was known as the MGB (The Ministry for State Security), sometimes as the NKGB (The Peoples Commissariat for State Security), and once, during the war, as the vaguely comical-sounding SMERSH (short for the Russian phrase smert shpionom, or death to spies). Only after the death of Stalin did the KGB, or Commissariat for State Security, formally come into being. Despite its fearsome reputation in the west, the KGB was actually more effective in policing the U.S.S.R. and its eastern European satellite states than in fomenting revolution in western Europe or stealing military secrets from the U.S. (The golden age of Russian espionage was in the years immediately following World War II, before the formation of the KGB, when the U.S.S.R. subverted western scientists in order to advance its own development of nuclear weapons.) The major foreign accomplishments of the KGB included suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 and the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as installing a Communist government in Afghanistan in the late 1970s; however, the agencys luck ran out in early 1980s Poland, where the anti-Communist Solidarity movement emerged victorious. All during this time, of course, the CIA and the KGB engaged in an elaborate international dance (often in third-world countries like Angola and Nicaragua),  involving agents, double agents, propaganda, disinformation, under-the-table arms sales, interference with elections, and nighttime exchanges of suitcases filled with rubles or hundred-dollar bills. The exact details of what transpired, and where, may never come to light; many of the agents and controllers from both sides are dead, and the current Russian government has not been forthcoming in declassifying the KGB archives. Inside the U.S.S.R., the attitude of the KGB toward suppressing dissent was largely dictated by government policy. During the reign of Nikita Khrushchev, from 1954 to 1964, a certain amount of openness was tolerated, as witnessed in the publication of Alexander Solzhenitsyns Gulag-era memoir One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (an event that would have been unthinkable under the Stalin regime). The pendulum swung the other way with the ascension of Leonid Brezhnev in 1964, and, especially, the appointment of Yuri Andropov as the head of the KGB in 1967. Andropovs KGB hounded Solzhenitsyn out of the U.S.S.R. in 1974, turned the screws on the dissident scientist Andrei Sakharov, and generally made life miserable for any prominent figure even slightly dissatisfied with Soviet power. The Death (And Resurrection?) of the KGB In the late 1980s - partly because of the disastrous war in Afghanistan and partly because of an increasingly costly arms race with the U.S. - the U.S.S.R. began to fall apart at the seams, with rampant inflation, shortages of factory goods, and agitation by ethnic minorities. Premier Mikhail Gorbachev had already implemented perestroika (a restructuring of the economy and political structure of the Soviet Union) and glasnost (a policy of openness toward dissidents), but while this placated some of the population, it enraged hard-line Soviet bureaucrats who had grown accustomed to their privileges. As might have been predicted, the KGB was at the forefront of the counter-revolution. In late 1990,  then-KGB head Vladimir Kryuchkov recruited high-ranking members of the Soviet elite into a  tight-knit conspiratorial cell, which sprang into action the following  August after failing to convince Gorbachev to either resign in favor of its preferred candidate or declare a state of emergency. Armed combatants, some of them in tanks, stormed the Russian parliament building in Moscow, but Soviet President Boris Yeltsin held firm and the coup quickly fizzled out. Four months later, the U.S.S.R. officially disbanded, granting autonomy to the Soviet Socialist Republics along its western and southern borders and dissolving the KGB (along with all other Soviet governmental bodies). However, institutions like the KGB never really go away; they just assume different guises. Today, Russia is dominated by two security agencies, the FSB (The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation) and the SVR (The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation), which broadly correspond to the FBI and the CIA, respectively. More worrisome, though, is the fact that Russian President Vladimir Putin spent 15 years in the KGB, from 1975 to 1990, and his increasingly autocratic rule shows that he has taken to heart the lessons he learned there. Its unlikely that Russia will ever again see a security agency as vicious as the NKVD, but a return to the darkest days of the KGB is clearly not out of the question.

Academic writing skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Academic writing skills - Essay Example The critical comparison of two academic papers requires the presentation of their strengths and weaknesses in regard to their structure and content;at the same time it is necessary to refer to their alignment with the ethical standards of academic research– especially if there is empirical research involved. Current paper focuses on the comparison of two academic pieces of work; the first of them, entitled as ‘Earning it’ will be referred to as ‘Assignment 1’, while the second one, entitled as ‘Direct Line Reviews and System Acquisition’ will be referred to as ‘Assignment 2’; the two assignments will be compared as of their structural characteristics and content, but also as of their language and referencing. The fact that the two papers will not refer to the same subject does not set barriers to their comparison, since they are of similar type, i.e. they are both essays, and of similar length (Shampoo and Resnik, 2009, p. 8) – even if assignment 1 is of more words compared to assignment 2, a fact which will be of critical importance for evaluating the two paper’s structure/ content, as analysed below. One of the first issues that should be highlighted is the difference in the research done in regard to the issues under discussion; more specifically, the first paper has been supported by a series of studies, approximately 10, which provide critical information on the issues under discussion. ... icant efforts, in terms of the nature of the paper’s subject, to cover the issues under discussion but he had limited choices in terms of literature available on the specific subject. In terms of the planning of each paper, the following comments would be made: assignment 1 is not well structured, the issues related to the paper are adequately supported in terms of references but they are not clearly presented; more specifically, it could be argued that assignment 1 is not easy to be read – providing a lot of information on the paper’s subject but the material is not appropriately categorized and cited. This difficulty in reading and understanding assignment 1 is probably caused of its presentation – sections are not clearly distinguished, instead, long paragraphs are used for presenting the material available and the author’s arguments. Moreover, in assignment 1 it is difficult for the reader to understand the coherence of information. Information from various sources is added but is not appropriately presented, as explained above. In this way, the value of the paper as an academic piece of work is reduced. On the other hand, assignment 2 is well structured; paragraphs and sub-paragraphs have been used in order to make the text easier to be read. Moreover, the sequence in the arguments regarding the issues under discussion is clearer – a fact which is proved through the appropriate (and logical) order of the paper’s sections (as they are revealed through its sub-headings). For this reason, in terms of planning, the assignment 2 has a clear advantage – taking into consideration also the fact that despite the lack of adequate references, assignment 2 is well supported in terms of the arguments involve, an issue which is also analytically discussed below

John Paul II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

John Paul II - Essay Example While the NE is a doctrine and set of ideas that was put forward by John Paul II in the early 1990's, the roots of this belong in the establishment of the Second Vatican Council (1962) and in documents like the LUMEN GENTIUM (1964)[1]. In the broadest terms, it can be said that the Second Vatican Council or Vatican II was the Catholic Church's attempt to adapt and assimilate some of modernity or modernism. For instance, one of the changes or transformations that most Catholics are likely aware of, is that Mass is no longer required to be in Latin. The significance of this historically is rather rich. The very Reformation which split the Catholic Church in the Sixteen Century, partially happened because of a new movement to bring the Bible into the vernacular or to the language of the people [2]. And, while the Bible had made it into the languages that common people spoke many centuries earlier, Mass continued to be conducted in Latin until 1962: "Since these duties, so very necessary to the life of the Church, can be fulfilled only with difficulty in many regions in accordance with the discipline of the Latin Church as it exists today" [3]. Another aspect of the NE that is both central, and which has its roots in Vatican II and the the Lumen Gentium, is the incorporation of lay individuals into the body and mission of the Church. That is, viewing lay people as not just the object of being converted or taught, but as valuable members of the community who have a contribution to make in spreading the word, so to speak: "every layman, in virtue of the very gifts bestowed upon him, is at the same time a witness and a living instrument of the mission of the Church itself 'according to the measure of Christ's bestowal'" [4]. Compare this remark with what John Paul II says about the NE: Today, in particular, the pressing pastoral task of the new evangelization calls for involvement of the entire people of God, and requires a new fervor, new methods and a new expression for the announcing and witnessing of the gospel [5]. The first important and general dimension of the NE, and as it relates to changes in the Catholic Church since the early 1960's, is the inclusiveness, and a less hierarchal approach to the ministry of the Church. However, where Vatican II and the Lumen Gentium are a way of accommodating or assimilating modernism to some extent, the NE as established by John Paul II is succinct insofar as it can be said to be a set of ideas that is actually reactionary modernism or modernization. By reactionary, it is not implied in terms of having as its object Catholic doctrine, rather, society itself. One of the concerns of the NE, is increased secularization, a decrease in the basic lay understanding of the tenets of Christianity, and Catholic Catechism. As John Paul II's assistant states on the subject of his concern with secularization in Western Europe that it was "gradually drifting further and further from its roots and so from its histor y and culture" [6]. This is a perspective about secularization, according to one of John Paul's biographer's that began in the post-war period of the late 1940's and early 1950's, and as far back as then he viewed: "new forms of pastoral activity open to a broader participation by the laity" [7]. Although there is a lot in common between the

Smoking Cessation for Young Adults Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking Cessation for Young Adults - Assignment Example An evaluation design has to be designed which will assess the success of the smoking cessation campaign. Due to the fact that getting a control group was an uphill task to obtain as well as the high costs associated with the campaign, the focus remained squarely in the British Columbia province (Campbell &Stanley, 1966). Interrupted time series design with a single group (simple time series) will be inevitable as a design of choice. This design of the evaluation provides a better platform for addressing the issues emanating from the main objective of the campaign. This evaluation design carries with it features not limited to several variations of interrupted time series, observation time series and the ability to implement the independent time variable in a repeated manner. The evaluation must come before an altogether evaluation of both variables in the end. This helps in determining their interaction. As a practical example, the cessation campaign calls for this features when it splits the year-long period into three segments. There is the first segment that began in March and ended in April, a second one that began in July and ended in August and finally the October to November segment (Roscoe& John, 1969). The interrupted time series design will be implemented in a more than one independent variable varied one after another due to the breaks between them over the one year period of the cessation campaign. For instance, the effects of the media coverage on the radio and television and the newspapers as far as this campaign is concerned are expected to be varying on the smokers. However, this will be captured by the above choice of the evaluation design. The evaluator will be in a better position to drop the elements with no effect or adjust the campaign program as well.  

Delegating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delegating - Essay Example Delegating is a critical skill for supervisors. Ultimately, the supervisor retains responsibility for the attainment of the goals, but chooses to achieve the goals by delegating to someone else. In the Adult Training and Employment Services (ATES) at The Center Serving Persons with Mental Retardation there are several Managers who delegate to their employees. In supported employment the supervisor delegates to three employment specialist. The supervisor assists in developing employees in order to strengthen the organization. Although the employment specialist job role is an emerging profession, few managers can refute the importance of these direct service staff to the overall performance of their supported employment programs. The supervisor in supported employment uses the three R's: risk, responsibility, and rewards in delegating staff. The three R's contribute to staff job challenges by setting in motion a supervisory style which encourages and rewards staff creativity, innovation, and governorship of their work. A risk adds an element of excitement to a job and encourages staff curiosity and learning. Supervisors can encourage their employees to take responsibility for their jobs by establishing measurable performance goals and operating guidelines. The supervisor takes every opportunity to promote the good works of the staff and assure they receive proper recognition for a job well done. The supervisor assists in developing employees in order to strengthen the organization. He or she gives up the authority to make decisions that are best made by subordinates. This means that the supervisor allows subordinates the freedom to make mistakes and learn from them. He or she does not supervise subordinates' decision-making, but allows them the opportunity to develop their own skills. The supervisor lets subordinates know that he or she is willing to help, but not willing to do their jobs for them. The supervisor is not convinced that the best way for employees to learn is by telling them how to solve a problem. This results in those subordinates becoming dependent on the supervisor. The supervisor allows employees the opportunity to achieve and be credited for it. Equally important to delegate is the idea that when a subordinate is given responsibility for a job, they must also be given the degree of how to perform the job and how to carry it out. For effective delegating the authority granted given to an employee must equal the assigned task. The key to delegating is to delegate gradually. When it comes to delegation, the manager can not delegate their duties to everyone they work with. They delegate their duties to responsible employees within the organization whom they can depend up that those duties will be attended to with a lot of professionalism. When one is delegated a certain task, he take full responsibility of performing it with diligence and ensures that they work hand in hand with other employees within the organization to ensure that organizational goals and objectives are achieved. Delegation is a term that was used even in the ancient days where someone was given full responsibility of certain activities or to run a certain activities on behalf the owner and in turn report to him, about all the activities that took place while he was away. For this case, when one delegates

Effect of drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of drugs - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss the causes and effects of drug use. Overwhelming evidence suggest that most of drug users get into drugs at their teen age. Therefore, it can be safely assumed that their fellow friends lure most of them into drugs. Peer influence causes individuals to experiment with the drugs in the hope that they will fit perfectly in their peer groups. With the fear of rejecting the offer of their friends, they begin by taking small amounts of various drugs such as marijuana, crack cocaine among others. With time, this becomes the lifestyle and a way of life. When addiction sets in, it becomes difficult to quit using drugs. As an effect, users become dependent on drugs and therefore have to engage in criminal activities such as robbery to raise money for drugs. The peer groups gradually graduate from just peer groups to criminal gangs (Hanson et al 138-143). Human beings are characterized by curiosity to experiment new things in life. drug use is sometimes associated with exaggerated good feeling and a sense of command. This can be seen in beer and cigarette advertisement. Curious individuals who are unaware of potential drug addiction seek to experiment with the drugs. Their aim is usually to have a little experience with the drugs, at least for a short while. However, not all the individuals who experiment the drug experience are disciplined enough to quit after the experience. More often than not, they end up using more of the drugs and within no time, they become addicted. What began as an experiment ends up as a drug addiction. With little will to quit, drug users become aggressive, violent, withdrawn, and less responsible. It becomes difficult to meet personal obligations and life becomes a waste (Wilson and Kolande 80-83). Whereas freewill plays an important role in decision making in life, the social environment in which people grow determines the

Political Economy of Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Economy of Japan - Essay Example †¢ The national authorities had been in favour of trade liberalization Japan had historically been in favour of trade liberalization and deregulation of all trade barriers. Prior to 1960, Japan had imposed strict trade restrictions in the form of quotas and tariffs. However, gradually these impediments were lifted so that the domestic industries gathered the technical skills to compete with the external players. Nevertheless the national authorities had been cautious about the protection of the domestic sector or the indigenous firms. But, all its qualms were erased when the newly adopted trade policy became a huge success in 1963, which was prominent through soaring economic growth rates. Despite the high success of trade liberalisation, the nation experienced trade deficits in the early 1970s, mainly due to hikes in oil prices. Hence, the nation submerged in a phase of high inflation. This initialised the government to tighten its monetary policies and control the flow of money in the nation, leading the nation to a period somewhat similar to that of a recession. These external factors also made them impose certain restrictions on their international trade arena (Ho, 1977). †¢ The national authorities of Japan had been more or less against liberalisation and deregulation between 1970s and 1990s The Japanese economy, unlike its neighbours had remained stringent regarding international trade relations prior to the East Asian crisis of 1997.

Effect of drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of drugs - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss the causes and effects of drug use. Overwhelming evidence suggest that most of drug users get into drugs at their teen age. Therefore, it can be safely assumed that their fellow friends lure most of them into drugs. Peer influence causes individuals to experiment with the drugs in the hope that they will fit perfectly in their peer groups. With the fear of rejecting the offer of their friends, they begin by taking small amounts of various drugs such as marijuana, crack cocaine among others. With time, this becomes the lifestyle and a way of life. When addiction sets in, it becomes difficult to quit using drugs. As an effect, users become dependent on drugs and therefore have to engage in criminal activities such as robbery to raise money for drugs. The peer groups gradually graduate from just peer groups to criminal gangs (Hanson et al 138-143). Human beings are characterized by curiosity to experiment new things in life. drug use is sometimes associated with exaggerated good feeling and a sense of command. This can be seen in beer and cigarette advertisement. Curious individuals who are unaware of potential drug addiction seek to experiment with the drugs. Their aim is usually to have a little experience with the drugs, at least for a short while. However, not all the individuals who experiment the drug experience are disciplined enough to quit after the experience. More often than not, they end up using more of the drugs and within no time, they become addicted. What began as an experiment ends up as a drug addiction. With little will to quit, drug users become aggressive, violent, withdrawn, and less responsible. It becomes difficult to meet personal obligations and life becomes a waste (Wilson and Kolande 80-83). Whereas freewill plays an important role in decision making in life, the social environment in which people grow determines the

Ethical dilemma involving a dying patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical dilemma involving a dying patient - Essay Example re faced with an ethical dilemma as to whether to save the patient or not and not only save the patient but the baby that the patient was carrying as the patient had refused any sort of medical treatment that involved the use of blood. The doctors were left to questions whether to help the patient or respect her beliefs and not do anything to save her life. The ethical dilemmas face by the doctors in this case was that the patient was a Jehovah’s witness and did not want to be treated with bloid transfusion. The doctors faced four basic principles of ethics; respect for autonomy where in the doctor has to respect the decision made by the patient, beneficence where in the doctor has to assess the risk to benefit ration. Thirdly non-maleficence where the doctors do not want to cause any harm to the patient and lastly justice which balances the benefits, risk and costs equally and uniformly (Van Norman, 2011). The patient was a Jehovahs’s witness which made it difficult to carry out the prescribed treatment for her, Jehovah’s witness, they do not salute to military flags and do not take part in military or city government voting. The Jehovah’s witnesses are banned from blood transfusions or any medical treatment that involves the use of blood or blood products. In cases like these it is necessary to first consider the condition of the patient whether they should be talked to or counseled regarding the decisions being made. If the patient is awake and well aware of what is happening or what has happened, the patient’s caretaker or guardian should also be asked regarding the decision being made. It is important to check the documents as to confirm that the patient is actually a Jehovah ’s Witness. The patient and her caretaker should be informed of alternative blood products and if they still do not agree for no treatment then he/ should sign a document of consent (Van Norman, 2011). In this case when the nurse is faced with a critical situation which

New Drug Application of Paclitaxel: Results Discussion

New Drug Application of Paclitaxel: Results Discussion The present research work is an attempt made to design and development of a new drug application for of Paclitaxel sustained release microspheres by using ionic Gelation and solvent evaporation methods is to achieve first order to improve bioavailability and reduce side effects of paclitaxel. For this purpose different polymers like HPMC K100, EUDRAGIT RS100, ETHYL CELLULOSE, and in combination were used. Based on the above investigational reports. I concluded the following results and discussions. 7.1. Preformulation Studies: The reports indicate the exhibit good and passable flow properties. So there is no need to improve the flow of the powder. The regression value obtained from analytical method development in buffer media is 0.999.so, the drug is exhibiting linearity in concentration 2ug to 10 ug.The FT-IR spectral studies indicate good stability and no chemical interaction between the drugs and excipients used. 7.1.1. Identification of paclitaxel In identification of API it was found that paclitaxel was soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone 7.2 Stability studies 7.2.1. – Photo stability: When paclitaxel was exposed to light for a period of 2 months (60days) it was found that 0.2% of the drug was degraded. 7.2.2. Acidic degradation When the drug was exposed in acidic medium 0.1N HCL for a period of 24 hrs , it was found that there is no degradation of the drug in alkaline mediums showing 100% stability in the acidic medium. 7.2.3. Alkaline degradation: When the drug was exposed in different alkaline mediums like phosphate buffer 7.4 for a period of 24 hrs, it was found that there is no degradation of the drug in alkaline mediums showing 100% stability in alkaline medium. 7.2.4 Temperature stress conditions: When the drug was exposed to different temperatures (00C, 100C, 200C, 300C, 350C, 450C and 500C, 600C) for a time period of 1hr, 3hr, 6hr, 12hr, 24hr, was found that there is no degradation of the drug in Temperature stress conditions. 7. 3.Solubility studies: Solubility of paclitaxel: Paclitaxel is soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone etc;.paclitaxel is in soluble in water Melting Point: It was also found Melting point of paclitaxel was 2160c, Density: On analyzing for density it was found that paclitaxel showed bulk density value 0.593gm/ml and tapped density value 0.514 gm/ml, Carr’s Index: The value of Carr’s Index for 13.32 and drugs showed good flow characteristics Compressibility Index: The value of Compressibility Index for was 14.28, and drugs showed good characteristics. Hausner’s ratio: The value of Hausner’s ratio for paclitaxel was 1.16 drugs showed good flow characteristics. Angle of Repose: The studies on angle of repose showed that was 26.83 values indicated good flow properties. Stability studies FTIR studies: From the FTIR spectra, it was concluded that similar characteristic peaks with minor difference for the drug and their formulation. Hence, it appears that there was no chemical interaction between the drugs and excipients used. The IR Spectra of paclitaxel with HPMC K100, Eudragit Rs100, Ethyl cellulose were shown in figs. The following peaks were observed in as well as paclitaxel with excipients. EVALUATION OF MICROSPHERES: Determination of percentage yield: The percentage yield was estimated from all the 18 formulations the results obtained between the range 86.03 %to 76.56%.all the formulation was found within the limits. Drug entrapment efficiency: The drug entrapment of all formulation of paclitaxel microspheres varied from 86.19 to 67.38 Particle size analysis: The particle size of the microspheres of the paclitaxel formulations varied from 836  µm to 191 µm. In vitro drug release studies: The formulation F1, F4, F7 contains HPMC K 100,Eudragit Rs100, Ethyl cellulose, as a polymers in 1% concentration prepared by ionic gelation method. These formulations subjected to drug release studies in 7.4 ph phosphate buffer as a dissolution medium. The formulation F1 that containing 1% HPMC K100, amount of the drug is release 36.92% in 48 hrs. . And the formulation F4 containing 1% Eudragit Rs 100, amount of the drug release 43.92 in 48hrs, The formulation F7 containing 1 % Ethyl cellulose , amount of the drug release 68.96 in 48hrs. The formulation F2 that containing 20mg HPMC k 100, 10mg, Eudragit Rs 100, amount of drug is release 41.73 in 48hr. the formulation F3containing 10mg Ethyl cellulose, 20mg HPMC K 100, amount of drug release 46.98 in 48 hrs.the formulation F5 containing 20mg Eudragit Rs100, 10mgHPMC K 100 amount of drug release 50.24 in 48 hrs. the formulation F6 containing 20mg Eudragit, 10mgEthyl cellulose amount of drug release53.28 in 48hrs. The formulation F8 that containing 10mg HPMC k 100, 20mgEthyl cellulose, amount of drug is release 63.24 in 48hrs, the formulation F9containing 20mgEthyl cellulose, 10mg Ethyl cellulose, amount of drug release 56.23 in 48 hrs. From formulations F1 to F9 shows cumulative percentage drug release in 48 hr in between 36.92% to 68.96%. The formulation F10, F13, F16 contains HPMC K 100,Eudragit Rs100, Ethyl cellulose, as a polymers in 1% concentration prepared by solvent evaporation method. These formulations subjected to drug release studies in 7.4 ph phosphate buffer as a dissolution medium. The formulation F10 that containing 1% HPMC K100, amount of the drug is release 42.28% in 48 hrs. . And the formulation F13 containing 1% Eudragit Rs 100, amount of the drug release 49.32 in 48hrs, The formulation F16 containing 1 % Ethyl cellulose , amount of the drug release 79.42in 48hrs. The formulation F11 that containing 20mg HPMC k 100, 10mg, Eudragit Rs 100, amount of drug is release 46.43 in 48hr. the formulation F12containing 10mg Ethyl cellulose, 20mgHPMC K 100, amount of drug release 53.67 in 48 hrs. The formulation F14 containing 20mg Eudragit Rs100, 10mgHPMC K 100 amount of drug release 55.86 in 48 hrs. the formulation F15 containing 20mg Eudragit, 10mgEthyl cellulose amount of drug release59.11 in 48hrs. The formulation F17 that containing 10mg HPMC k 100, 20mgEthyl cellulose, amount of drug is release 74.82 in 48hrs. the formulation F18containing 20mgEthyl cellulose, 10mg Ethyl cellulose, amount of drug release 65.24 in 48 hrs. From formulations F10 to F18 shows cumulative percentage drug release in 48 hr in between 42.28% to 79.42%. The release profiles showed a characteristic initial burst release followed by a lag period and further initiation of sustained release. After the initial lag, a nearly linear and continuous release was observed over 48 hr Comparison of in-vitro drug release profiles for all formulations F1to F9 and F10 to F18 are shown in Fig (7,8) and the data is shown in Tables (13,14). Effect of method of preparation Ionic gelation solvent evaporation 1. On particle size : From formulations F1to F9 are by ionic gelation method. Spheres obtained are larger than desired particle size range i.e 609-875. µm. formulations F10 to F18 are by solvent evaporation, are in desired particle size range i.e 191-303  µm. So that Spheres obtained are smaller than by ionic gelation method. 2. On Drug release: Drug release is sustained in formulations prepared by solvent evaporation than with ionic gelation. Therefore from above results solvent evaporation method is selected. Effect of polymers HPMC K100, Ethyl cellulose,Eudragit RS100 are three different polymers used as sustained release polymers. Formulations F1,F4,F7 by ionic gelation where as F10,F13,F16, by solvent evaporation are with single polymer respectively. Remaining all formulations are combination of two each polymers of respective ratios HPMC K100 is hydrophilic,Ethyl cellulose is hydrophobic nature.Combination of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic polymers is tested at different ratios to determine effect on sustained drug release Also HPMC K100 with coating polymer Eudragit RS 100 combination is tested at different ratios Among all these ,F10 i.e,with single polymer HPMC K100 by solvent evaporation method shows desired drug release compared to combination of polymers. Therefore it is concluded that there is no effect of combination of polymers on drug release of paclitaxel microspheres. Kinetics of drug release from optimized formulation The kinetics of the drug release was evaluated by drug release rate models namely zero order, First order. The mechanisms of drug release was evaluated by First order drug release. The dissolution kinetics data was defected in table 15 and the comparative dissolution profile was given in the figure 9 . The drug release followed zero order kinetics in all polymers employed. The graph drawn in between time Vs cumulative % drug release show in figure 12 to 15.

The Invention of the Modern Automobile Essay -- Cars Car Ford History

The Invention of the Modern Automobile â€Å"The way to make automobiles, is to make one automobile just like another automobile [1].† With this statement, Henry Ford had invented the modern automobile. Many people may question this idea, as they know self propelled vehicles were in existence long before the days of Ford. In fact, these people would undoubtedly be correct; the idea of a self propelled vehicle and its actual realization had been present for at least one hundred years before Ford ever made one. However, by considering the definition of invention, the idea of the modern automobile and then briefly tracing the history of the self propelled vehicle, it will become increasingly clear how Henry Ford had invented this dominant form of land transportation. Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, the definition of invention must be established. Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product. Maurice Fabre, author of A History of Land Transportation (1963), offered an interesting take on the automobile and its inventor. â€Å"Who, for that matter, can say who invented the automobile? Was it Cugnot with his lumbering â€Å"fardier† of 1769? Was it Trevithick with his steam carriage of 1801, or the Bollees with their steam car of 1813? Or Benz or Daimler with their first successful internal combustion gasoline engine cars of 1886? It depends what you mean by an automobile [2].† In the year 2001, what do we consider the automobile to be? I invite the reader to take a minute to look out the window. I see a street lined with cars. Many of these cars possess similar shapes and sizes. In fact, some of them are the same make and model, only... ... The Automobile Age. pg 13. 17 Williams, Trevor I. A History of Invention: From Stone Axes to Silicon Chips. pg 248. 18 Flink, James J. The Automobile Age. pg 36, 38. 19 Flink, James J. The Automobile Age. pg 35. 20 Kaempffert, Waldemar. A Popular History of American Invention. pg 156. 21 Beard, Charles A. A Century of Progress. New York. Harper and Row Publishers, Inc. 1970. pg 67. 22 Flink, James J. The Automobile Age. pgs 40-43. 23 Hughes, Thomas. American Genesis. New York. Penguin Group. 1989. pgs 188, 193, 203-204. 24 Flink, James J. The Automobile Age. pg 115. 25 Flink, James J. The Automobile Age. pgs 37-39. 26 Flink, James J. The Automobile Age. pgs 43, 119-120. 27 Hughes, Thomas. American Genesis. pg 139. 28 Hughes, Thomas. American Genesis. pgs 1-11, 53, 139, 186

A Speech Given By Frederick Do -- essays research papers

FREDERICK DOUGLASS’S POWERS OF APPEAL After his escape from slavery, Frederick Douglass chose to promote the abolition of slavery by speaking about the actions and effects that result from that institution. In an excerpt from a July 5, 1852 speech at Rochester, New York, Douglass asks the question: What to the slave is the Fourth of July? This question is a bold one, and it demands attention. The effectiveness of his oration is derived from the personal appeals in which he engages the listener. At once in this speech, Douglass appeals to his listeners’ religious tendencies. He asks his audience, “am I, therefore, called upon to bring our humble offering to the national altar…'; (441). Religious appeal is so important because the majority of his audience is Christian, and he implies that Christianity, in its ostensible purity, allows the mishandling of human life to the degree of slavery. By relating Christianity directly to slavery, his listeners must question the validity of their Christian doctrines in relation to the institution of slavery. In doing so, they must eliminate their acceptance of one of these traditions; the odds are that Christianity holds a much more loyal following than slavery, in which case slavery will be given up as a practice. Douglass also quotes from Psalms 137:1-6, and the ludicrous concept that slaveholders expect their slaves to be joyous in their state of bondage is the essential meaning of the passage he chooses as it relates to the comparable situation of the Babylonians’ captives (442). His persuasive appeal in this case is the notion that any pious Christian would have sympathy for the lamenting captives and contempt for the captors in the Psalms passage. If this assumption is correct, then the same pious Christians surely should realize the situation of the slaves on this day and every other. Additionally, in asking this question, he asserts immediately that the meaning of the Fourth of July is entirely different from that of the free, white American. Douglass concedes that the whites of America had reason to rejoice: “the rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity, and independence'; (441). However, he also illustrates that there are just as many reasons for slaves to scorn the traditional meaning of the Fourth of July. Furthermore, these reasons are as ... ...w, with all of the activity and thinking life requires, the slave’s manhood can be questioned (443). For the white man listening to this argument, it is required that he empathizes with the situation of the slave, because in actuality there is much in common between the free and the enslaved. This is precisely Douglass’s point; bondage is the only hindrance of slaves’ abilities to lead a fulfilling life. Douglass’s appeals to his audience are specifically directed toward white, Christian males. He is fully aware at all times he must show that he can relate with them. As Christians, how should they have felt had they been denied their right to practice religion and believe in their god? What would they do if the country they so loved chained them to a life of servitude? Finally, what would all the work to support a family and desire for self-improvement have accomplished if it only benefited a master, but not a wife and children? Douglass deliberately addresses those aspects of life that mean the most to his audience because in doing so he is sure to gain the listeners’ full attention and consideration of the immorality of slavery.

Large Schools vs. Small Schools: Which perform better?

Small schools perform better than large schools in more than one aspect. A study finds that small rural communities with a school have significantly higher housing values, more new housing, smaller income variability, fewer households receiving public assistance, lower poverty and child poverty rates, more workers in professional and managerial jobs, and more workers employed within the community. (1) The existence of schools even in small rural areas proves many benefits, but there is a larger question posed, would it be more beneficial to have a small school or a large one? This paper aims to find which category offers more to the quality of students. It may be true that large schools may have grander facilities like television and radio stations but there is more than behind the curtain of facilities. An extensive body of research demonstrates numerous positive benefits of small schools and small learning communities, especially for those students who are at greatest risk of educational failure. Indeed, in a synthesis of research on small schools, Raywid (1997/1998, p. 35) concludes, â€Å"there is enough evidence now of such positive effects—and of the devastating effects of large size on substantial numbers of youngsters—that it seems morally questionable not to act on it.† (2) This is more or less the same stand that this paper takes. In a small school there would be more benefits. As you will see throughout the paper, there have been studies that point out the benefits of a small school over that of a large one.   There is almost 40 years of existing research and literature on small schools which indicates that students in small schools have higher attendance and graduation rates (1), fewer drop-outs, equal or better levels of academic achievement (2), higher levels of extra-curricular participation (3) and parent involvement, and fewer incidences of discipline and violence (4). (3) Wasley, et al (2000, pg 4) says small schools increase student attendance across all types of small schools: schools-within-schools (SWS), freestanding small schools, and multi-school small schools. Lakhman (1999), on the other hand found that between 1988 and 1998, DeWitt Clinton high school developed 10 small schools. During that time, they reduced their dropout rate by 8.5% and increased their on-time graduation rate by almost 50%. Thus, proving that small schools have the ability to improve attendance and graduation rate. Moreover, researchers observe that the effects of smallness on achievement are indirect, being mediated through other small-school features as quality of the social environment and students' sense of attachment to the school. Mitchell (2000) reminds us that in the studies conducted by Howley and others, school size had such a powerful positive effect on the achievement of poor students that it even trumped the beneficial effects of class size (Cotton, 2001). This can also be credited to the fact that in a small school, they can focus more on the need of each student. Sometimes, students does not need a large school with lots of reference books but a school that encourages a lot of help, from peers and teachers. There are several studies whose findings reveal that students at all grade levels learn more in small schools than in large schools. Several researchers have also examined middle-grades schools with interdisciplinary teams and found that students in this type of small learning community outperform similar students in schools without such organizational arrangements (Mertens and Flowers, 2003; Mertens, Flowers, and Mulhall, 2001; George and Lounsbury, 2000; Lee and Smith, 2000; Felner et al., 1997; Lee and Smith, 1993). (2) In addition from improved attendance, higher graduation rates and improved academic achievement in small schools, another factor that is considered is the students’ level of participation.   Take for example Mitchell’s (2000) observation where in a school of 2,000 students, only the most talented will be recruited for the basketball team or the drama club. The result is that a small number of gifted students dominate the sports and activity rosters, while the vast majority are relegated to spectator status. In small schools, sports teams, musical groups and clubs depend on broader participation. The number of extracurricular opportunities does increase with school size. But a twentyfold increase in population produces only a fivefold increase in opportunities. That is, as the school expands, an increasingly smaller percentage of students are needed to fill the available slots. In short, more students produce less participation. Most students will not be required to participate because there will be others who would. In a small school every student will have the opportunity to hone and improve their talents and interests. Researchers point out that, in small schools, everyone is needed to populate teams, offices, and clubs; thus, even shy and less able students are encouraged to participate and made to feel they belong. In addition to the factors mentioned, another advantage of a small school over a large one involves more personalized approach where levels of parent involvement and parent satisfaction are greater in small school environments than in large ones. Communication between parents and teachers tends to be more substantive given the fact that the teachers often know the students better in the smaller learning environment (Cotton, 2001). This is a positive reinforcement of discipline for the students.   In a smaller learning environment, the students’ activities can be monitored and can be reported to parents, whether a violation or a perceived improvement. Among the advantages mentioned, the fewer incidence of violence is perhaps the most important. â€Å"There is less violence in small schools, less vandalism, a heightened sense of belonging, and better attendance,† the KnowledgeWorks report states. (4)   Another research also showed that â€Å"In urban schools with less than 300 students, 3.9% of the schools reported serious violent incidents compared with 32.9% of schools over 1,000 students (Gregory, 2000).† Small schools are better positioned to detect and help hurting students, and to address disruptive behavior before it escalates into tragic violence and abuse. When teachers know virtually all students in a school community by name, it fosters a culture of belonging, accountability, and support. The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (2000) studies show that small learning environments are characterized by fewer incidents of violence and disruptive behavior, less school graffiti, lower crime levels, and less serious student misconduct. The association attribute this to what they term as â€Å"human-scale schooling† which reduces isolation and increasing the sense of belongingness. Indeed, a closer community will bring more familiarity and less hostility. Hence, with all the aspects considered in the paper, it can be deduced that in a school of smaller quantity, we can focus more on the students’ quality. From this standpoint, the performance of a small school is better. Even policy makers have noted these benefits leading to   the development of some new rules. These includes: Florida Small School Law which recognizes the benefits of small schools and prohibits, as of July 2003, the construction of large schools. As of that date, new elementary schools will be limited to 500 students, middle schools to 700, and high schools to 900. Another is the Vermont Funding for Small Schools which in 1997, Vermont adopted a new system of funding education under Vermont Act 60 – The Equal Educational Opportunity Act (EEOA). Unlike most states, Vermont choose to provide additional funding to cover the higher costs of the state's smallest school districts. An extra $1 million per year was allocated to districts with fewer than 100 students. (5) This paper believes as far as, the future can depend on small school more than large ones, and to borrow Daniel Kinnaman’s title, the future will be filled up by small schools (with) big benefits.

How Does Stress Affect Appetite? Essay

First off I chose this topic because of personal experiences. At times when I was stress I noticed that I would have an increase in appetite. I first asked myself, is stress reliable for most weight gain in individuals? But I found that question too complex to answer in a short amount of time. After looking over my resources, I noticed that the studies had a focus on gender or food choice of stressed individuals. So in this paper I have a focus on gender and food choice. I hypothesize that women will be more likely to eat sweet foods and to be more stressed than men. Stress is that uneasy emotion or feeling that has you feeling blue, down, sad, and depressed-like. Most people experience some type of stress at some point in their life. In stressful situations your brain will signal the adrenal glands to release a hormone. That hormone is called cortisol. Cortisol releases glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream to provide energy to the muscles. When you have high cortisol levels, appetite increases as well as the fat deposits made. A lot of this weight will settle in the trunk, cervical, or abdomen area of the stressed person. You will also begin to crave foods that contain high calories and few nutrients, which are not healthy. Stress causes the body to burn more vitamins and minerals. Some of those burned are magnesium, vitamin B and zinc. These vitamins are needed to balance blood sugar, a downfall in these levels cause and increase in stress. The adrenal glands require more vitamin C and pantothenic acid during stress. This vitamin is also part of the vitamin B complex. (Tice) When stressed it seems impossible to sleep but sleep deprivation affects blood sugar levels by increasing cortisol and reducing the production of leptin. This will cause you eat more and become an emotional eater instead of being physically hungry. The lack of exercise will cause cortisol levels to be high as well. Stress can affect you appetite in a three ways. You can have a loss of appetite, an increase in appetite which causes you to overeat, or a mixture  of both. Those who overeat are most likely to be emotional eaters. Emotional eating is when a person eats for reasons such as emotional upheavals, rather than for hunger itself. (Paul M.) The definition for emotional eating is indulging in an excessive intake of food. (Paul M.) Those who restrict their intake of food are called restrictive eater. But in this paper I focus on those who are emotional eaters and or overeat. Foods that are eaten during stress are often referred to as junk food or comfort foods. Although they may not be healthy they make the feelings of stress go away temporarily. Stress and Food Choice: A Laboratory Study The first study I looked at was focused on the food choice that individuals chose during stressful times. Their initial question is whether or not acute stress alters food choice during a meal. This study was also designed to test claims of selective effects of stress on appetite for specific sensory and nutritional categories of food and interactions with eating attitudes. Three categories of the food types were sweet, salty and bland. Twenty seven men and forty one women volunteered for this study. They were all nonsmokers and ages range between 18 and 46. They were also paid seven dollars to complete the study. They were allocated to either a stress or controlled conditions during which they were provided with a buffet lunch. For stress manipulation, the tested group was told that they had to prepare a 4 minute speech performance that would be recorded, with only ten minutes to prepare. This would occur right after eating the buffet. This speech performance task was not mention to the control group. Instead they were told to read over a passage while listening to music. Music is found to be calming and soothing. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured and the participants did a self-report of mood measure. This measure was on arrival and after the 10 minute stress induction. At the beginning they were asked to rate hunger level on scale 1 to 7. At the end they were to rate the perceived stressfulness on a scale of 1 to 7. Two measures to assess the effect of the stress manipulation on eating behavior and food choice were the food intake during a meal and appetite for a range of foods immediately before eating the meal. For food intake, the participants were allowed to eat freely for 15 minutes from a buffet lunch. For appetite ratings, the participants were presented with photos of food and asked â€Å"how much do you  fancy eating some of this food at the moment?† and indicated their response on a scale from 1 to 7. ————————————————- The results were that increases in blood pressure and changes in mood showed the effectiveness of the stressor. Stress did not alter overall intake or appetite for the food categories. Stressed emotional eaters ate more sweet high fat foods and a more energy dense meal than unstressed and non-emotional eaters. Women scored higher than men on the emotional eating scale as expected. Men ate significantly more bland and salty foods than women. Just with this one study it does show that stress can alter food choice and intake of food. There isn’t a big gender difference but it was determined that women are more likely to be emotional eaters. This was a small study so that could be a possible limitation. There is evidence that snack consumption may be more susceptible to stress than meals. Most stressed individuals prefer to snack instead of meals but also because of small energy dense snacks are more easily ingested and digested when gut activity is suppressed by sympathetic arous al. (Georgina) ————————————————- There are no significant differences between genders when it comes to stress. There is belief that women experience more stress than men. Some research suggests that in stress coping behavior, men are more likely to turn to alcohol or smoking and that women turn to food. (Harvard) A study showed that out of 5,000 obese men and women, women’s obesity was stress related eating but not for men. (Harvard) Although there is a high weight gain for both sexes, it is higher in men. The Effects of Stress on Food Choice, Mood and Bodyweight in Healthy Women This source examined the effects of stress on the neuroendocrine production of cortisol and links it to potential changes in food choice, bodyweight and mood. (Roberts) Stressful situations can cause you to have a lower mood, increased energy intake such as fatty acids and non-milk extrinsic sugars and bodyweight to go up and down. This study looked a 71 healthy women in their forties. The end result they found that there is an increase in cortisol secretion during a period of chronic stress to be strongly  correlated with changes in food choice and increased energy consumption, as well as an increase in intake of saturated fatty acids and NMES. (Roberts) This then led to an increase in bodyweight. During the stress period there was an increase of depression and anxiety but there was no we could ï ¬ nd no correlation with mood, food choice or energy intake. This study also found that women with a body mass index (BMI) on the higher side of ‘healthy’, who experienced a signiï ¬ cant increase in cortisol secretion under chronic stress, were more vulnerable to increases in bodyweight than women with lower BMIs and a smaller increase in cortisol secretion. (Roberts) I definitely agree with women eating more sweets when stressed. Every time I am under stress I eat sweets and must have a soda with it. Even though I may have had a meal an hour before hand I still crave it. Seems very interesting how our bodies respond to stress. I believe this has a permanent effect on the body. Once you become under stress for a period of time and consistently eat, I believe that the bad habit of being an emotional eater is hard to break. I have found it hard to break. According to my research stress does have an effect on appetite and it does alter food choices. Most men prefer salty or bland foods and women prefer sweets. There isn’t much gender differences but women seem to have more effect of stress than men. References Birmingham, K. (2006). Effect of Stress on Eating Habits. Effect of Stress on Eating Habits. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www.eatingdisordershelpguide.com/eating-disorders/effect-of-stress-on-eating-habits.htm D. (2010, September). Stresshacker. Stresshacker. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from http://www.stresshacker.com/2010/09/can-comfort-food-reduce-stress/ Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K. (2000, June 21). Stress May Add Bite to Appetite in Women: A Laboratory Study of Stress Induced Cortisol and Eating Behavior. Elsveir.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from http://writing.unc.edu/sites/default/files/Epel.pdf Georgina, O., Wardle, J., & Gibson, L. (1999, October 18). Psychosomatic Medicine. Stress and Food Choice: A Laboratory Study. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/62/6/853.full Harvard Health.