Why Accounting is highly subjective

Why Accounting is profoundly abstract Numerous researchers and scholars have upheld the idea of subjectivity in bookkeeping and have likewise utilized this idea has a contention against scholastics that have an alternate point of view to this conceptâ ¸ who believes bookkeeping to be objective. Morgan contended that bookkeeping/bookkeepers are constructors of the real world, emotional (Morgan, 1988, pg. 477) and they create and speak to circumstances in budget reports with some level of subjectivity and uneven ways. This viewpoint or philosophy was additionally bolstered by Ruth Hines, a source to the improvement of bookkeeping hypothesis, who utilized the thought of reality development to legitimize her view. She accepted that in conveying reality, we develop it (Hines, 1988, pg. 251). Subsequently, bookkeeping is socially built, which implies it is prepared by individuals, people or social orders on the loose. Anyway these were sees that positivists, David Solomons and Rob Bryer didn't bolster. Bryer utilized Marxs hy pothesis of work procedure to contend that target bookkeeping lies at the center of entrepreneur control of present day business ventures (Bryer, 2006, pg. 42). Furthermore, Solomons had an increasingly extreme view by recommending that bookkeepers ought to resemble columnists (Solomons, 1991, pg. 287). He clarifies that bookkeepers ought to report the news as it occurs, not assemble it to be the truth or full image of an occasion; however do we comprehend what the truth is?, how and when do we recognize what the valid and reasonable perspective on an occasion is without having an authentic foundation?, would we be able to depend on it?. These are sees that will likewise be investigated over the span of this assessment. As a matter of first importance, what is bookkeeping? The American Accounting Association characterizes bookkeeping as the way toward recognizing, estimating and imparting financial data to allow educated decisions and choices by clients regarding the data (Porter Norton, 2009, pg. 11). The historical backdrop of present day bookkeeping goes back to 1494, when Luca Pacioli composed a book on twofold passage accounting. During the years that followed, bookkeeping and the bookkeeping calling needed hypothetical information backing them up'(Kyriacou 2010, lecture3, slide8) to diminish vagueness. Along these lines, because of the budgetary outrages during the 1920s that lead to the extraordinary sadness at that period, GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) was framed in the in the late 1930s to control and direct the bookkeeping. A long time after GAAP was shaped, SSAP2 was framed in 1971 to fill in as a directional device for bookkeeping and the bookkeeping calling with the mi x of different ideas and shows: Going, gatherings, reasonability and consistency, acknowledgment, objectivity, materiality, cash estimation, substance and duality. Anyway after the ASB audit, SSAP2 decreased them to four which shaped C.A.P.G (Going, collections, consistency and judiciousness). SSAP2 likewise settled more approaches on stock, devaluation, resources and so on. In spite of SSAP2s exertion to offer significance to bookkeeping conventions, bookkeeping was as yet done dependent on the duality idea since bookkeepers didn't have the foggiest idea why bookkeeping was drilled the manner in which it was. Subsequently, the thought of an applied structure was presented by the FASB (Federal Accounting Standards Board), to assemble different thoughts that emerged a very long time after the rise of SSAP2, to give bookkeeping a superior comprehension. As it were, reasonable system is fundamentally a major bookkeeping reference book, where you will discover rules, hypotheses, terms a nd rules that have been drawn together as the years pass by, to shape the bookkeeping calling and offer some looked for of importance to bookkeeping, all in all. These Ideas incorporate The Corporate Report 1975, valid and reasonable view, SSAP2, bookkeeping ideas, 1991 Statements of Principle, and so on. (Mathews Perera, 1996, 23-30). From history, it is obvious that bookkeeping has been formed by various thoughts, pictures and perspectives throughout the years by nations, researchers and the general public on the loose. Thoughts, for example, the True and Fair view; which is a central part in bookkeeping and all gave accounts, the recommendation of six extra proclamations in the Corporate Report 1975 and furthermore the discussion among UK and USA on whether it is conceivable to get an applied system, or put speculations on occasions that has just happened consequently calculated structure, which was the proposal from the UK by educator Macvae. Be that as it may, these thoughts just furnish us with assorted points of view of bookkeeping rehearses all in all. All things considered, it is substantial that bookkeeping is socially developed and emotional simply like a craftsman is obliged to create a fractional perspective on the truth the person in question wishes to speak to (Morgan, 1988, pg. 477). Every one of these perspectives, discussions and philosophies were completely developed by individuals for individuals for example bookkeeping bodies to bookkeepers, thus socially developed. For instance, budget reports are built by a monetary bookkeeper dependent on their perspective on an organization, to a group of people that are outer. Nonetheless, the perspectives on such bookkeeper probably won't be the full image of the organization money related position. Because of the false portrayal of the budget summaries, the result turns out to be profoundly emotional and moderately a one-sided perception of reality since bookkeepers discretionarily consolidate and characterize, and include, and deduct things in an alternate route to the regular way (Hines, 1988 pg. 254) While positivists such has Solomons recommends that the origination of lack of bias ,fairness, ought to be central to bookkeeping and that bookkeepers ought to be unprejudiced and detailing reality through their eyes, it makes one wonder whether reality can be checked or demonstrated? Also, as clients, would it be advisable for us to rely upon it without knowing why it is done in such manner? That is the motivation behind why unanswered inquiries like the above make phenomenologists like handyman can't help contradicting the thoughts of positivism way to deal with bookkeeping. They accept that individuals for example bookkeepers are not so much autonomous about their assessments and how they see reality all in all. Likewise, Hines said that in conveying reality, we build it (Hines, 1988, pg.257) and offer significance to it. Thus, Reality to bookkeepers or in bookkeeping is deciphered contrastingly to non bookkeepers. This resembles the connection between a rancher and a chicken. Rea lity to a rancher is to slaughter the chicken for Christmas festivity yet for the chicken the truth is experiencing childhood in the homestead and laying eggs. This model consequently shows that the truth is deciphered in various manners yet because of the way that bookkeepers are a gathering with power in the general public like the rancher, their build and make their world real which we at that point need to accept and retain into our own general origination, since they fundamentally yelled the most intense. In any case, as I would see it, I think the truth is out there but since we are constrained to following the perspectives and feelings presented in bookkeeping, we wont have the option to discover reality however rather hold up until something awful has occurred in the bookkeeping calling simply like the monetary emergency and disappointments that occurred in enormous associations like Lehman Brothers (Swedberg, 2010, 71-114), and question objectivity in bookkeeping. This take s us back to the rancher and chicken representation. Since the chicken is accustomed to doing likewise; wakeup, eat, stroll around, lay eggs and rest regularly during the year, such chicken would not realize what the truth is on the grounds that the chicken is utilized to a similar method of living yet when Christmas comes the chicken gets murdered. At that point, inquiries will be posed to whether the manner in which the chicken has been living since the start of the year is reality or being slaughtered during Christmas? Enough of my chicken outline and back to my assessment. Likewise monetary disappointments in huge associations have made non-bookkeepers progressively mindful of the noteworthy effect of bookkeeping in their lives and the jobs they play to shape bookkeeping. Along these lines, because of the issues in the bookkeeping calling, there have been hypothetical systems made to give arrangements and control in the calling. So what is hypothesis? Hypothesis can be characterized as a lot of interrelated develops, definitions and recommendations that present a deliberate perspective on a phenomenawith the motivation behind clarifying and foreseeing the wonders (Kerlinger, 1964, p.11). Be that as it may, since bookkeeping is a training based calling not at all like science, we can contend that applying hypothesis based framework into bookkeeping could be tricky even abstract. This is on the grounds that getting information expected to frame speculations, originates from various sources, for example, introspecting, ones discernment, memory, confidence, instinct and so on. Which are all abstract sources. To have the option to gain information, the procedure of acceptance is utilized. The procedure begins from perception, which is the inductive way to deal with build up a law or hypothesis. When the law has been passed, it would then experience the deductive methodology were it would be tried. Anyway there have been banters about how speculations are created. Besides, a few researchers proposed that it is through the inductive methodology and others state it is through the deductive methodology but since basic bookkeeping hypotheses, for example, reasonable worth and deterioration have all been created through the inductive thinking process, it is sheltered to state that these speculations are extremely abstract. Reason being, not all circumstances, occasions or conditions watched are objective; rather they are partial and give an incorrect image of what the eyewitness sees. This along these lines emphasizes Hiness recognition that when we impart reality, we make it (Hines, 1988, p.g 251). Throughout the years, the noticeable certainty of equivocalness and vulnerability in bookkeeping ideas has been the subject of discussion between bookkeeping specialists. Aside from the idea of reality development and bookkeeping hypothesis arrangement, these discussions have been based on the foundation of budget reports: the valid

Carpe Diem Seizing the Day Essay example -- essays research papers

Carry on with a Full Life or Not, the Choice is Yours Somewhere in the range of 2000 years prior a Roman writer was chatting with his vampy companion, Vladimir Longtoothski about his strange phengophobia. â€Å"Vlad,† Horace the Geek started, â€Å"I acknowledge you’re an animal of the night yet you have to soak up the sunshine, man. You’ve been looking somewhat pale of late, you have to get your blood bubbling and get some shading in your cheeks.† Exasperated with Vlad’s nightowl presence, Horace the Geek expressed, â€Å"Seize the day, Vlad!† â€Å"Bloody great prompt,† reacted the sharp Vlad. Also, for the following 2000 years, instructors wherever urged their understudies to expound on the significance of holding onto the day in the event that you need to live every day without limit. So look at the accompanying seizures. The year: 1959. The spot: Welton Academy. It’s an exacting private academy run with military accuracy practically like Harlingen’s Marine Military Academy or the La Joya ROTC program. Energetic to the extraordinary, nonconformist English educator John Keating urges his understudies to defy the norms, to break with custom, to separate their standard life, and dre...

Support and Criticism of Piagets Stage Theory

Support and Criticism of Piagets Stage Theory Theories Developmental Psychology Print Support and Criticism of Piagets Stage Theory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on August 02, 2019 Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget's Theory Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Support and Criticism Traumrune/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 3.0 In This Article Table of Contents Expand Support for the Theory Problems With Research Methods Developmental Variations Exist The Theory Underestimated Children's Abilities Piaget's Legacy View All Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development is well-known within the fields of psychology and education, but it has also been the subject of considerable criticism. While presented in a series of discrete, progressive stages, even Piaget believed that development does not always follow such a smooth and predictable path. In spite of the criticism, the theory has had a considerable impact on our understanding of child development. Piagets observation that kids actually think differently than adults helped usher in a new era of research on the mental development of children. Support for the Theory Piagets focus on qualitative development had an important impact on education. While Piaget did not specifically apply his theory in this way, many educational programs are now built upon the belief that children should be taught at the level for which they are developmentally prepared.?? In addition to this, a number of instructional strategies have been derived from Piagets work. These strategies include providing a supportive environment, utilizing social interactions and peer teaching, and helping children see fallacies and inconsistencies in their thinking. Problems With Research Methods Much of the criticism of Piagets work is in regards to his research methods. A major source of inspiration for the theory was Piagets observations of his own three children. In addition to this, the other children in Piagets small research sample were all from well-educated professionals of high socioeconomic status. Because of this unrepresentative sample, it is difficult to generalize his findings to a larger population.?? Piagets research methodology is also problematic due to the fact that he rarely detailed how his participants were selected. Most of his work includes very little statistical detail about how he arrived at his conclusions. Another issue lies with Piagets lack of clear operationally defined variables. In order to replicate his observations and objectively measure how one variable leads to changes in another, researchers need to have very specific definitions of each variable. Much of the terminology related to Piagets theory lacks these operational definitions, so it is very difficult for researchers to accurately replicate his work.?? Developmental Variations Exist Research has disputed Piagets argument that all children will automatically move to the next stage of development as they mature. Some data suggest that environmental factors may play a role in the development of formal operations. The theory seems to suggest that reaching the formal operational stage is the end goal of development, yet it is not clear if all people actually fully achieve the developmental tasks that are the hallmark of formal operations. Even as adults, people may struggle to think abstractly about situations, falling back on more concrete operational ways of thinking.?? The theory also seems to suggest that intellectual development is largely complete by the age of 12. More recent research demonstrates that the teen and early adult years are a period of important cognitive development as well. The stage approach is viewed as problematic as well. Stage theories have fallen out of popularity in modern-day psychology for a number of reasons. One of these is that they often fail to accurately capture the many individual variations that exist in development. The Theory Underestimated Childrens Abilities Most researchers agree that children possess many of the abilities at an earlier age than Piaget suspected. Theory of mind research has found that 4- and 5-year-old children have a rather sophisticated understanding of their own mental processes as well as those of other people. For example, children of this age have some ability to take the perspective of another person, meaning they are far less egocentric than Piaget believed. Some research has shown that even children as young as age 3 have some ability to understand that other people will have different views of the same scene.?? Piagets Legacy While there are few strict Piagetians around today, most people can appreciate Piagets influence and legacy. His work generated interest in child development and had an enormous impact on the future of education and developmental psychology. While his research methods were imperfect, his work did pioneer the development of what is now known as the clinical method. This approach involves conducting intensive interviews with subjects about their own thought processes. Piagets theory also helped change the way that researchers thought about children. Rather than simply viewing them as smaller versions of adults, experts began to recognize that the way children think is fundamentally different from the way that adults think.??

Distinctive features of Indian culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8400 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Executive Summary Historical/Geographical background With traces of Human life dating back over 9000 years, India can be described as one of the oldest nations in the world. This brief analysis looks at the construction of a major European trading post and the downfall of the colonies as well as looking at how the current trends in populace are helping India develop into one of the worlds newest major powers. Type of government and State system employed Indian politics are described as a very grey area. What is construed as a democracy by the constitution is in reality a democracy where the people repeatedly vote in the same corrupt leaders. It is a country run by money and its idea of democracy needs to change drastically if India has any chance of catching up with the powerful G8 nations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Distinctive features of Indian culture" essay for you Create order Relationship with neighbouring countries Indias relationship with neighbouring countries varies completely from Pakistan their arch rival due to different aspects from religion to ownership of land. To their relationship with China which has dramatically changed from warring neighbouring countries to making friends with each other and co-operating with one and other. Judicial system Indias court system appears to be at fault. Terrorism is becoming increasingly frequent but punishment for such crimes is minimal. Although the court system is attempting to pass laws to eliminate crime, the government is failing to implement them efficiently and the corrupt police forces overlook these laws. Religion Religion within India is widely spread and very important to the people of India. Instead of having the usual class system, India has a caste system and as soon as somebody is born they are put into rankings according to the caste system. Culture Indias culture is one of the oldest and most unique. It is unlike any other culture in the world and each region of the country possesses its own distinctive cultural niche. Cultural diversity is reflected through Indias exciting traditional clothing and highly respectful family values. Health, welfare and education The healthcare in India has developed dramatically over the years from hardly any at all to a national health service; even though this is available many of the higher class population choose to seek private centres. Welfare in India differs from the cities where tourism is popular to the villages were at particular months, times can be a struggle. Education is very popular in the cities where the government can provide help, on the other hand, in the outer villages education is scarce. Government and Media Indian Press, TV, Radio and Internet media are all explored in this section. It explains quick growth of Indian media sector and how it came across Governments will to control it. Economic climate Currently India is doing very well itself and is in a boom state rather than a bust in comparison with many other countries. India has many imports and exports e.g. diamonds and fuel. India has some main trading partners that are America and China. Political Diplomacy India is a powerhouse in terms of their involvement in European relations. Relationships with neighbouring countries such as Pakistan are hostile but Bhutan and China are both working closely with India to improve trade routes. Introduction In our group assignment, the question we were given to answer was How can we accurately define the 21st century nation state with regards to the country India. This report consists of research into many different aspects of India including, Historical/geographical background and demographics, The type of government and state system employed, The nation state, relationship with neighbours, Judicial system, Importance of religion/class/caste, Culture and Ideology, Provision of welfare/education, Relationship of media and the Indian government, The modern economy. During this project, we will explore deep in to India as a country, to gain extensive knowledge, to help us to understand more about their life and culture enabling us to complete our report. Each section of the report will be researched in depth and the most important and relevant parts picked out and used to show our understanding and knowledge of India. This will then enable us to piece together everyones individual work and produce an overall project. The report will be created to the best of all our abilities, as it is a group project we will obviously be working together to complete the work. However, not only will we have to work together but we will also each have to do our own individual piece regarding our country, India. The information and the images e.g. diagrams that we will use in the report will be appropriately referenced in the bibliography along with any other relevant information we find. Historical background of India The Earliest know traces of life in India can be found as Stone Age rock shelters with paintings. These can be found in Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh. The first known settlement was traced back to over 9000 years ago. This settlement developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, which dates back to 3300 BCE in the western province of India. (https://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.html) During the 16th Century India was used a major trading post to the far east by the Major European powers such as; the UK, Portugal, the Netherlands and France. During the later half of the 16th century colonies were set up in India aided by the countries internal conflicts. By 1856, India was mostly under the control of the British East India Company. (https://india.gov.in/knowindia/history_freedom_struggle.php) Within a year India would be brought under direct rule of the British Crown. These events are some of the major factors, which have helped India to develop into a developing nation faster than a lot of its surrounding 3rd world neighbors. In my opinion India would not have been considered a developing nation for some time without the early introduction to European trading and industry, which are now the foundation to a thriving economy along with other factors such as the huge population and modern investment. By the 20th Century India was ready for freedom and a struggle for nationwide independence ensued. The Indian National Congress as well as some other political organizations led the struggle. Infamous Indian Leader Mahatma Gandhi led millions of Indian people through non-violent campaigns for freedom. (https://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/mkgtimeline.htm) On 15 August 1947, the nation of India was declared as free from British rule. At the same time as the gained there independence, some mostly Muslim areas where partitioned to Pakistan. (https://english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html) India became a republic on the 26th of January 1950 and the new constitution came into power. (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html) Geographical background of India The seventh largest country in the world India is guarded from the rest of Asia by ranges of mountains and vast seas. This gives India a palatable geographical actuality. Spanning an area of 32,87,2631 Km square, India shares its borders with Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, China and Kashmir. India has Borders with the Indian Ocean to the South West and Bay of Bengal to the South East with a coastline including non-mainland islands of 7,516.5 km. https://www.indiabook.com/india-information/indian-geography.html A lot of Indias strengths today can be attributed to its size. With size come resources and the power to export. Demographical background of India India has an estimated population of 1.2million people. (https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf) This Makes India the 2nd most populated country in the world. I believe that we can attribute some of Indias success and a growing nation to this. For example, their massive GDP that has been climbing steadily could be accredited to the cheap work force that they are able to get their hands on. With the labor cost in India being cheaper India has found that Developed nations have taken an interest in using that cheap labor. This Investment from other countries has also helped India leave its neighbors behind. In recent years the population has risen sharply. It has been claimed that this is due to the recent advancements in medicine. I agree that this is an attributing factor and Indias aging population could be a problem for the in the very foreseeable future. But as it stands with its huge population India can only become more powerful as they adv ance technologically and strive to catch up with Western nation. Indian Politics There isnt a more populated democracy in the entire world than India. (https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm) India also boasts the longest constitution by any independent nation. This exhaustive constitution was initiated on the 26th of January in 1950. The constitution outlines India as a Secular, Socialist, Sovereign and Democratic republic. (Identities and the Indian state: An overview) India adopted, beneficially, a parliamentary government but has shifted to a much more federal style in the 1990s due to internal social and economical change. The constitutional head of the Indian government is the president. He is elected by an electoral college and should serve a maximum of five years with out being re-elected. All real power in the country is shared between the President of India and the Council of Ministers. (https://www.tradechakra.com/india-political-system.html) On paper India is considered a very typical democracy. In reality voters kee p voting for corrupt leaders. Democracy in India faces threats from leaders such as Abu Salem, who has recently requested to contest in elections. Abu Salem, and extradite of Portugal would almost certainly use his position of power to initiate hate campaigns against Hindus backed by his pseudo-secular followers. This puts forward the question, does democracy ever work? Thomas Jefferson once said, A democracy is nothing more than mob rule, where fifty-one percent of the people may take away the rights of the other forty-nine. Is the majority decision the correct one? Some people would say that Indian politics doesnt work as a democracy, but if you were to compare them with Pakistan who have a very similar democracy to India, On Paper. In reality you would find that Pakistan has a much more corrupt government than India. This would suggest that the Indian system is a working democracy to some extent; to the extent perhaps that any democracy works. Relationship with Neighbouring countries Pakistan India Ever since 1947 when the British government went in and dismantled India as a country they have been arch rivals and even over the many years it has shown that they still do not get along. https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/default.stm These arguments go deep into religion and history the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and whom they actually belong to. Pakistan and India have not yet managed to agree on power over the equal equation in south Asia. An undeclared war broke out in 1947 between the two countries over the state of Kashmir; this was the first of three extreme conflicts that the countries have had with each other. On July 18th, both of the countries signed the Karachi Agreement establishing a ceasefire line that was supervised by the United Nations. This left Pakistan, India and China part of the land. Most of the tension between the two nations comes from a long history of conflict, through religion and ownership of land, ending up as a nuclear competition. https://www.ignca.nic.in/ks_41061.htm Each trying to push the other country to back down, one of the countries needs to take the first step to a harmonious relationship or things seem set to only get worse for themselves. China India China and India have had a completely different relationship with one and other, they are very similar in many different ways, both of the countries had to fight for their countries freedom and have been allies in war. However, the change in new world has managed to alter Indias perspective of China and their true intentions. Chinas military has had a rapid growth and this begins to worry India in several ways. China has always used their military forces to gain control of different aspects of their culture, for example for the fight for their freedom they used their armed forces to complete a gruelling task to fight until the end to obtain their goal. India went down the opposite route of using non-violent demonstrations to gain their achievements. So naturally, the development of the Chinese army has begun to worry India. Although these https://iaps.cass.cn/xueshuwz/showcontent.asp?id=262two approaches are completely different, both have seen success in their relationship, with one and other and other countries. By keeping there tactics the same, they now in the 21st century are aiming for the same goals of maintaining Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence around the world. I believe that India and china will continue to keep a harmonious relationship with one and other even with their different views on appropriate action so far they have managed to keep a friendship going and will continue this, using each others strengths to help themselves. Indian Judicial System How does it work? The Supreme Court of India is the uppermost part in the Indian legal system, consisting of a Chief Justice and 25 associate justices, who are appointed by the President. Under The Supreme Court of India, each state or group of states possesses High Courts and there are several subordinate courts under these High Courts. As of the 1960s, Indian eliminated the use of juries for most trials as they were deemed ineffective and corrupt and opted for the majority of trials to be conducted by judges (www.indiafacts.headlinesinindia.com www.wikepedia.com). Does India have a fair and working police and court system? From research, I have found much primary data that shows me Indias police and court system appears to be working ineffectively. Terrorism is rife in India and the most recent attack was the Mumbai bombings in November 2008. These were a series of attacks, lasting three days, on some of Indias most famous landmarks, notably the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower. The attacks resulted in the death of more than 170 people. According to the Amnesty International Report the government tightened security legislation and set up a federal agency to investigate terrorist attacks. However, the laws put in place failed to materialize and despite 70 death sentences, no executions took place. This suggests to me that the court system is failing in their attempts to improve the country and perhaps not enough effort is being put on important laws, such as punishing terrorists. (https://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/india) Furthermore, a report released by Human Rights Watch on August 4th 2009 gives an in-depth 118-page account of a range of human violations committed by the police in India. The report is based on interviews with police officers and over 60 members on the public who have first-hand experience of the police forces unprovoked and unnecessary violence. One individual describes how he was tortured in an attempt to force a confession out of him. He describes how he was repeatedly beaten with a wooden stick until he nearly fainted. India is modernizing rapidly, but the police continue to use their old methods: abuse and threats. It is time for the government to stop talking about reform and fix the system. (https://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/india) This quote from Brad Adams, the Asia Director at Human Rights Watch shows how feels that the police system is not working and that the government need to do something about it. Is the court system to blame for the corrupt police system? According to the report, in 2006, The Supreme Court of India judgment attempted to improve police laws. However, the implications of these laws were poorly put into practice. The article implies that officials do not view the need for police and human rights reforms at an urgent matter and are satisfied for it to continue as it is. Indias status as the worlds largest democracy is undermined by a police force that thinks it is above the law. This is another quote from Brad Adams, revealing that the Supreme Court of Indias efforts have been overlooked by a policing system that chooses to ignore the law. (https://www.hrw.org/node/84730) From research, I have learnt that Indias police and court system appears to be failing. Although there seems be attempts to make new laws the process of putting them into practice is poor and ineffective. Religion India is a very religious country and the main religion that is followed in this country is Hinduism, 83% of the population of India is Hindu (https://www.incredibleindia.org/newsite/cms_Page.asp) and therefore obviously it is a very important subject. Religion in India plays a huge part and is often a way of life for the people who live in India and is something they relate to every day. Although Hinduism is the main religion there are many others with Islam been the second biggest religious group in India, Muslims number over a billion globally, spread among many different countries, ranging from the Middle East and Africa to areas now part of Russia and extending as far as China and Malaysia in East Asia. They make up the majority of the population in 30 countries and large minorities in other (Book-The international Business Environment, 2nd Ed. Janet Morrison 2006, Palgrave, Macmillan Page 182) and others including Christianity, Sikhism and Buddhism. As religion is a way of life for the average person living in India they eat, sleep and breathe their religion because it is very important to them and this is what they live for. There are aspects of all religions within India that have become very common, the most recent of these aspects is the food and dance festivals that the people have to celebrate certain timesof the year within each religion. However because a large population of India go to these festivals regardless of their religion each actual religion has its own beliefs, heroes and culinary specialties (https://www.squidoo.com/indian-religions). This shows that no religion is the same despite the fact that they celebrate the same religious and cultural events. India has a caste system that is a hierarchical system within their society https://www.indianchild.com/caste_system_in_india.htm, the system is used for almost everything and puts people in a ranking order depending on certain qualities which each individual has e.g. wealth, relatives. This system seems very important because it is used to help identify who is of more worth and who should be looked at differently with regards to the caste system. It becomes easy to see who is where in the ranking and if you are at the lower end of the hierarchical caste system it is likely that people will act differently towards that person compared to if they were of a higher ranking. The extent of the impact will depend upon how severe the caste system is and how much people judge each other in relation to the system. I dont believe it is fair to judge and make opinions on people just based on the caste system that they use in India, however it happens and so the people of India have to cope with it. As there is a caste system the Indian people obviously class people according to things like wealth and power. This in my opinion shows that they have a class system and there will be a lower class who have the basic job and basic wages, the middle class who have the better paid jobs and the better power and then there is the ultimate higher class who most people will aspire to be because they are the wealthiest people among the classes and they have the power and the most powerful contacts and relationships. However most countries do class people according to how much money and power they have and this is unlikely to change any time soon. Culture India is renowned for possessing one of the richest and most unique cultures in the world. Each regions culture enjoys its own individual features, demonstrating great cultural diversity throughout the country. It would be difficult to identify any culture in the world that possesses the variation and individuality that Indian culture does. In this section of the assignment, I intend to explore some of the distinctive features of Indian culture, namely family values, clothing and dance. So what is culture? The term culture refers to a state of intellectual development or manners. The social and political forces that influence the growth of a human being are defined as culture. (www.indianchild.com) Distinctive features of Indian culture Family Values Traditional family values remain similar in all regions of India, despite the rich cultural diversity. A common belief among Indians is that children are a gift from God, boys being the more favourable sex as they can earn money to support the family. (www.essortment.com/all/familyindianli_rvuy.htm) Traditional family values are highly respected and a vast majority of Indians have their marriages arranged for them by their parents or other highly regarded family members. In India, marriage is thought to be for life and therefore the divorce rate is extremely low. According to statistics, (www.divorcemag.com) the divorce rate in the United Kingdom was 42.6% as a percentage of marriages, whereas India was only 1.1%; this huge difference reiterates that Indian family values believe marriage is for life. Clothing Traditional Indian attire exudes ethnic charm through the bright, rich colours and style and material can vary depending on the geographical location. For women, a draped garment called a sari is popular and an embroidered dress called a salwar kameez. Similarly, men wear a draped garment called a dhoti or a lungi. Also popular for men are European-style trousers and shirts. From research, when I think of Indian clothing I instantly visualise radiant and exciting colours. I think this is reflective of Indias rich and unique culture as there are not many other countries in which traditional clothing is so exciting. The picture shows a woman in traditional Indian salwar kameez, the embroidery detail on the dress along with the vibrant colours suggests to me a lot of effort goes into their clothing and shows that clothing is a significant part of their culture. Dance Dance forms are divided into two categories; classical and folk. Classical usually aim to convey a spiritual message, whereas, folk dances are mainly used as part of celebrations. Like other aspects of Indian culture, dance forms are equally unique and vary across the regions. Bharatnatyam is the most renowned dance from the South, as significant as a dance form it is viewed almost as a religion to many who revere it. I get the sense that dance is a highly significant part of Indian culture if it can be regarded to some people as important as religion. From family values, clothing and dance to their unique monuments and religions, I have found the culture of India to be diverse among regions and extremely interesting to learn about. It is notably dissimilar to any other country I am familiar with. Healthcare Health care was changed substantially between the 1950s and the 1980s; however, this managed to cause a large boost in population growth causing the number of practises per person to be at an extreme low. In 1991, India had about 22,400 primary health centres, 11,200 hospitals and 27,400 dispensaries. (https://www.indianchild.com/health_care_in_india.htm) They managed to produce a tiered health care system that placed more difficult cases into the urban hospitals while attempting to provide medical care for most of the cases in the countryside; this seems quite significant because most of the Indian population live in villages in the outer areas. Many of the hospitals were owned and managed by charitable trusts, and received some payment from the government, while the rest of the hospitals were managed by private trusts. Many of the medical equipment needed for the hospitals was limited as the money needed to by the products was scarce in the early 1990s. By 1992, however, most of the privately owned hospitals were part of the government scheme for colleges and contained enough medical equipment to treat all major types of diseases including cancer. (https://www.indianchild.com/health_care_in_india.htm) India has a free treatment at public health centres on the other hand however most of the public prefer to pay money for treatment by private physicians. This seems interesting as India is not known as a rich country so paying for treatment rather than take the free care seems to be a bit of a luxury, on the other hand, it shows that the standard of national free health care must be at a poor standard. Welfare In the case of welfare India is the same as everywhere else depending on its income to help it succeed. However, in India there are two scenarios with the richer parts of Indias population have no problem at all maintaining healthy living constantly all year round, however in the small villages of the less developed parts of India this can be an increasing problem with hot summers and no constant flow of tourists, times can seem very hard. (https://giik.net/blog/india-welfare/)With an enormous population in the billions many people live out of the main cities and even further into the country this can make it hard for them to access medical centres and other vital aid that they may need. This contributes to the high death rate, lowering the average life expectancy. Education Indias recent economic growth rates have helped them progress in the educational department. The story of Indias educational achievements is one of mixed success. On the negative side, India has 22 per cent of the worlds population and is home to a high proportion of the worlds out of school children and youths. On the positive side, it has made encouraging recent progress in raising schooling participation. While the base of Indias education may be weak, it has emerged as an important player in the worldwide information technology revolution due to the substantial numbers of well educated computing and other graduates. However it was not always this way in 1854, Sir Charles Woods introduced a new policy into Indias government, this was made to help those who have not got enough money to send their children to school, for help to be provided for them, so that all children would be treated equally. (Crisis and Change in Contemporary India)On the other hand, due to the enormous population of the country they could not make the school scheme compulsory, as the government did not have enough money for all of the children that needed their help and support. Media and government of India Relationships between the media and the government in India is not very different to the West European democratic model, however some historical and demographical aspects drove this relation in its own specification and pace. Recent changes in regulations of freedom and speech seems to follow global concept of independent media production and broadcasting news. The history of media in India began in the eighteenth century when the first prints were published. Indian media has been relatively independent throughout most of their history, however, over the period of 1975-1977 Prime Minister Gandhi declared the period of emergency with potential government retribution. This incident has not changed freedom of Indian media in the long term. (https://india.mapsofindia.com/india-forum/media-in-india.html) Nowadays Indian media markets with over 99 million newspaper copies in 2007, 60 million internet users in 2008 and large amounts of TV channels is one of the leading media markets in the world. With a population of over one billion the Indian market is a lot to fight for. Major newspapers like The India Gazette, The Calcutta Gazette, The Madras Courier were initially carried under the British rule, however same as The Bombay Times most Indian publishers are now independent. The Press Council is a statutory body of journalists, publishers, academics and politicians, with a chairman appointed by the Government. Designed to be a self-regulating mechanism for the press, it investigates complaints of irresponsible journalism and sets a code of conduct for publishers. This code includes a commitment not to publish articles or details that might incite caste or communal violence. Radio broadcasting became state responsibility in 1930. AM broadcasting remained a government monopoly. Private FM radio station ownership was legalized during 2000, but licenses only authorized entertainment and educational content. Although there were privately owned radio stations, they were not permitted to broadcast news. Major radio stations nowadays in India like All India Radio, Radio City, Big FM, Radio Mirchi are important informational channels all over the country. Some channels are more recognized as of the language dialect, but Hindi spoken media with over 422 million speakers are the most popular. Complete television broadcasting was initiated in 1965. The Government of India owned and maintained audio-visual apparatus and played a significant role in increasing mass education and publishing information. Some TV projects were specifically designed to educate village population. Following the economic reforms of the 90s, satellite TV channels from around the world including BBC, CNN, CNBC and other foreign television channels gained a foothold in the country. In 1993 there were over 47 million registered TV users. Private satellite television was distributed widely by cable or satellite dish. These channels provided substantial competition for Doordarshan, the government-owned television network, in both presentation and credibility. Doordarshan frequently was accused of manipulating the news in the Governments favour; however, in some parts of the country satellite channel owners used their medium to promote the platforms of the political parties that they supported. In addit ion, citizens had access to uncensored Cable News Network, the British Broadcasting Company and a variety of other foreign programs. Recently, with 562 television stations, the country ranked eighth in the list of countries by number of television broadcast stations as of 1997. Star Plus, Colors, Zee TV, DD1 are the top TV channels in 2009. Internet as the newest and the quickest growing media nowadays is the one that seems to be less influenced by Government regulations, however, some radical acts have also taken place in the past. The Government imposed limited access to the Internet. The Informational Technology Act provides for censoring information on the Internet on public morality grounds, and it considers unauthorized access to electronic information a crime. According to Reporters Without Borders, this law allowed police officers to search the homes or offices of Internet users, at any time and without a warrant. But it was another way to fight against crime and allowing legal acts against those who are breaking the law. In practice, the internet is the most popular media worldwide and is the most powerful source of information in India, same as the rest of the world. The Constitution of Republic provides freedom of speech and the press, and the Government generally respected these rights in practice; however, there were some limitations. A vigorous and growing press reflected a wide variety of political, social, and economic beliefs. Newspapers and magazines were regularly published and television channels broadcasted, investigative reports and allegations of government wrongdoing and the press generally promoted human rights and criticized perceived government lapses. Government measures to control objectionable content on satellite channel-notably, tobacco and alcohol advertisements still were in effect which held cable distributors liable under civil law. The (often foreign) satellite broadcasters, rather than the domestic cable operators, fall within the scope of the regulation. Those practices are not different to post communistic countries of East and Central Europe and very well known to developing nations like China or Poland. (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/) Economy India is a very large country and will be trying its best to look after its economy in the current crisis that most countries around the world are facing. Fortunately India is doing well for itself and its current economic position is in a boom stage rather than the bust stage and the economy has even been forecast to grow at 5 to 6 percent this year; which is more than it averaged in the 1990s. (https://www.newsweek.com/id/1846219) The country is currently in a boom because of the large scale of imports and exports that are been carried out regularly within the country. There are many products that India export however there are some main ones that consistently help to make the Indian economy grow for the better. These main exports consist of polished diamonds, plastic, paper and leather products all account for large percentages of Indias exports. (https://www.surfindia.com/india-facts/major-export-industries-of-india.html) Most of the main products and materials that India export are in high demand in many countries such as America and China, because of this India are able to export the products and material at a higher price and therefore this makes them more money which help improve the flow of their economy and they have more money to spend on things they need within India such as healthcare and schooling. Not only does India export many items but they also have to import things that they do not produce or have into their country. The main items that India imports are fuel, iron, steel, chemicals, precious stones and professional equipment. (https://www.diehardindian.com/overview/trade.htm) India have to import these items because they lack them in their country and without the ability to import products and material India would not be the same as it is today. India over the last few years has increasingly traded more and more each year and so trades with many different countries to get the product and materials at the right time and the right price and to do this they have to make connections with other countries so that they can get the best deal that they possibly can get. The main trading partners that India trade with are America, Chine, United Arab Emirates, UK, Saudi Arabia and Germany. (https://www.indiaonestop.com/tradepartners/indias_trade_partners.html) These are just the main countries that India trade with, they have many more countries that they trade with but not as frequently compared to the main countries. It is good that India has so many different countries to trade with because it means in the long run they have a larger variety of product choice which is good because they could choose to import the products and materials form the country which is selling them the cheapest and also they get to make better bonds with the different countries which is always good for the economy. In my opinion the way India has recently been circulating and importing and exporting products around the world it has helped boost its economy and this is why compared to many other countries India is currently in a boom rather than a boost. Political Diplomacy India is located in the central northern coast of the Indian Ocean, where it is bounded in the west by Pakistan, in the north by Tibet (a region of China), Bhutan, and in the east by Myanmar. On the 26th November 2008 the city of Mumbai came under attack by a terrorist organisation and reportedly killed 195 and injured more than 300 citizens. (https://globalvoicesonline.org/specialcoverage/mumbai-india-blasts-2008/) India has publicly blamed Pakistan for the attack and relations between the countries have further deteriorated. A major dispute started more than 60 years ago when India and Pakistan both laid claim to Kashmir. On august 15th 1947 the ruler Maharaja Hari Singh signed an instrument of accession which was accepted by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten (https://www.kashmir-information.com/chronology.html) Soon after Indian forces moved in to protect Kashmir from the Pakistani troops, the two countries were on the verge of a nuclear war. Their relationship with Myanmar is strong and there is an agreement to be put in place that if signed will declare free trade between the two countries by the year 2016. (https://exim.indiamart.com/free-trade-agreement/relation-with-other-countries.html) Tibet is a region if china, and as such trade relations between India and china are solid, they are currently looking at free trade between the two but an agreement is yet to be put into place, compared to the relationship between India and Bhutan a treaty was signed in 1949 as their relationship was so strong, as a sign of respect for each others independence. Relations between the two countries over many years have matured and recently in 2007 they updated this treaty with the aim of further strengthening their relationship. (https://www.bhutandnc.com/Treaty.htm) India currently offers military and cadet training to personnel from many countries, including its closest neighbours Myanmar, Bhutan, and Nepal. (https://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html) Since the year 2000 the European Union (EU) has been represented in India and every year they meet at summit level to discuss security, energy, development, and trade etc. (https://www.delind.ec) India has 128 embassys that span the globe in most of the major cities, these are made up from the tourist offices, general consulates and the high commission making it a prominent figure in global context. (https://embassyworld.com) India is also a member of the G-20 and is fast becoming an emerging nation, even Ex-president George bush favours India for a seat at the United Nations Security Council. (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bush-favours-UNSC-seat-for-India-/articleshow/5183477.cms) Indian troops have been involved in some of the largest peace keeping missions performed by the United Nations, Over 55,000 Indian Military and Police personnel have served under the United Nations flag in 35 operations in all the continents of the globe. (https://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html) To this end India has been ranked one of the largest contributors of military personnel to United Nations intermediary efforts. In my opinion India is an emerging nation that the rest of the world will listen to in years to come. Given the choice I would not like to live there for many reasons, namely the class divide and the conditions Indias poorest people live in. Also the opportunities available, India has roughly 1,160,690.3. (https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/PORTAL/Magazines/GeographiesRegion.aspx) People and an adult literacy rate of approximately 66.6% (https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/PORTAL/Magazines/GeographiesRegion.aspx) so the limited number of jobs available means only the brightest tend to find decent employment, and the uneducated work long hard back breaking hours doing tedious tasks. Swot Analysis of India STRENGTHS exceedingly well-read, skilful and youthful human resources English speaking critical students World class business-social-spiritual political president elevated Levels of naturally occurring resources Geographical location (Markets shifting towards Asia) India tactical situation at a variety of business platforms Large democracy, Large market large unrestricted media Range of emerging professionals Computing power Growing WEAKNESSES: Not a huge quantity of skilled workforce available at the moment underdeveloped source of specialized professionals Lack of spirit for entrepreneurship, patriotisms and leadership skill need of Indian executive models need of learning habits Team work spirit Fear of distributing knowledge taking risks Slow assimilation of modernization alteration ignorance: Quality-Standardization Lack of Emotional-Spiritual development Blind respect for anything taught by elders THREATS (Internal external): Probable unstable government Self centred political leadership Corrupt law officers and inrelieable judiciary system Corruption, Ignorance Complacency Highly aggressive marketing agents variety vs. Imbalance clashes Religion society conflict Job seeking mentality (follow rather that lead) redundant public demands on students OPPORTUNITIES Big prospective for brand new markets such as education broad conformity on trade of Services RD prospects high Ability to build new resource centres and Hybrid solution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" balancing blending Leisure, health and Dietary Sectors Rural economy development social transformation Modernization of infrastructure, Library and laboratory Internet institute network E-Library PEST Analysis of India Political Factors India is the biggest democratic state in the World. Based going on English familiar law; legal review of law-making acts; accepts obligatory ICJ control with uncertainties; different personal law codes affect Christians, Hindus and Muslims. The political Situation in the country is more or less stable. For most of its democratic history, the Indian National Congress (INC) has led the federal Government of India. A number of national parties have conquered state politics. In the 2004 Indian election, the INC won the major number of Lok Sabha chairs and also created a government by means of a partnership called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by a variety of left-leaning parties and members contrasted to the BJP. Overall India currently has a coalition led government and equally key political parties the UPA and BJP, whichever comes to power. Economic Factors The economic factors in India are on the road to recovery continuously. The GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) is approximately 2.965 trillion U.S. dollars in the year 2007. The GDP- per Capita (PPP) was 2700 U.S. dollars as estimated in 2007. The GDP- real growth rate in 2007 was 8.7%. India has the third greatest GDP by way of purchasing power parity, behind U.S. and China. Foreign direct investment rose in the fiscal year ended March 31 2007 to about $16 billion from just $5.5 billion a year earlier. There is a unremitting expansion in per capita earnings; Indias per capita income is accepted to reach 1000 dollars by the end of 2007-08 from 797 dollars in 2006-07. This will lead to advanced retail power in the Hands of the Indian consumers. Social Factors India is the second most populous nation in the world with an estimated population of over 1.1billion people. Amusingly only 5.1% of the populace are 65 years or over. There has also been a constant increase in the consumption of beer in India. With an increase in the buying power the Indian consumer, who favoured local tough liquor, which is far cheaper, is now able to get a taste of the moderately costly beer market. The social trend toward beer consumption is changing and India has seen an increase of 90% beer consumption from the year 2002 2007. This is a social factor that show how India is changing as a nation. Technological Factors The Indian beer Industry is growing rapidly with a lot of foreign players entering the market. This means that there will be an influx of technology from foreign multinational companies. This is also true of many other Indian industries/markets, which are growing rapidly. This will help bring in technological knowhow and increase the production. SABMiller has just placed an order for the construction of two turnkey plants in India. The new plants are planned for Sonipat in Haryana and for another location near Bangalore. Both breweries will have an annual capacity of 1 million hectoliters each in the beginning and might be extended later. The influx of European technology has increased production, lowered cost and will no doubt play a major role in all Indian industries. Conclusion India is a fascinating country. Analyzing each aspect of our report there are many factors that are unique and worth lots of interest. History and culture of India is exceptional, the way people are committed to religion and society says a lot of how passionate the nation is. Geographical and demographical aspects have driven the Country to be able to explore its will to progress. Large population and great position on the map gave India chance to use its potential by growing economic welfare. Together with rising economy India started to develop and invest in improving democracy and capitalism which are driving them to become successful. However, the same aspects that inspire culture and religion became a barrier in building fair democracy as we consider in the West. The way the country is managed by the government, leaves space for many improvements to be made in the future. India must separate religion and society beliefs from public and political activities to be able to create a system that will treat every citizen with the same rights and give everyone the same chances no matter of their social status. It is also very important to provide better wages, healthcare and social care for the working class. It seems that since India became democratic everything is going in a good direction and sooner or later the country will cope with the problems that are currently bothering the nation. We all wish to travel to India to be able to experience more of the Indian culture and appreciate its uniqueness. Overall our group found India extremely interesting to write a report on and we all gained lots of knowledge and respect to this Country. The report was carried out effectively so that when we set deadlines we met them to the best of our abilities and the members of the group worked well together during the process of creating the report Recommendations Below are the aspects that we think India could improve on if it wanted to. To improve relations between Media Sector and the Government of India and to make sure freedom of speech and code of conduct are respected it is necessary for The Press Council to be completely independent of Governmental influence. Therefore members of Council should not be involved in politics or media activity to make sure their work is free of possible corruption. The Indian political system is a system that is in many ways flawed due to its leadership. The public are voting in corrupt political leaders and are inevitably increasing the chasm between themselves and the western nations, politically. If I were to suggest a way for India to improve itself it would be to populace of India. I would suggest to them that for the long-term benefit of India that they should vote for a principled leader. Not only that but India should keep importing and exporting like they are doing because it is proving beneficial in this current economic climate. India should maintain the strong connections it has with its trading partners to ensure that they can continue trading to this standard. In order to move forward as a country, I think India needs to address why the court is being overlooked by a corrupt police force and make more effort to adjust the system in order to make it fairer for society. For India to continue trade and good national relations with other countries problems with Pakistan need to be resolved in a calm and co-operative manner. Education needs to also be improved making it compulsory for all children to have access to schools, regardless of their background and family status. Bibliography Books Dutt, Sagarika (September 1998). Identities and the Indian state: An overview. Third World Quarterly Volume 19 Issue 3 Page 421. The international Business Environment, 2nd Ed. Janet Morrison 2006, Palgrave, Macmillan Page 182. Baxi, U. Parekh, B. (1991) Crisis and Change in Contemporary India, New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London, Sage Publications Internet CIA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"World Factbookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ India; https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html ; Updated 18/11/09; Accessed 18/11/09 Country Profile; India https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm ; Updated 19/09/2009; Accessed 09/11/09 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) World Population Prospects, 1. 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Available at https://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/india (Accessed October 15th 2009) Cultural India : Dances of India, 2002, Available at www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/index.html (Accessed October 14th 2009) Page author: Kamakshi Gupte, Culture of India 2000-2009. Available at https://www.indianchild.com/culture%20_1.htm (Accessed October 14th 2009) Pagewise 2002, Indian Family Life and Values. Available at https://www.essortment.com/all/familyindianli_rvuy.htm (Accessed November 23rd 2009) Supreme Court of India. Available at www.wikepedia.com Last modified on 2 December 2009. (Accessed October 15th 2009) World Divorce Statistics, Percentage of new marriages which end in divorces (2002) Source: Amercicans for Divorce Reform. 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(1992) online report website, https://iaps.cass.cn/xueshuwz/showcontent.asp?id=262 date accessed 21/10/09 (Author Unknown) (date unknown) online news website (https://www.indianchild.com/health_care_in_india.htm) date accessed 5/11/09 Canitz, L. (2007), online report website (https://giik.net/blog/india-welfare/) date accessed 8/11/09 10/11/09 Images Google Images Available at www.clothingindian.com/images/Indian_clothing_547cic_01.jpg (Accessed December 1st 2009) Google Images, Flag of India. Available at www.loc.gov./r/international/asian/images/india-flag (Accessed December 1st 2009) Google Images, India Map. Available at www.sujojohn.com (Accessed December 1st 2009) Google Images , Taj Mahal. Available at https://blog.aromadeambiente.com.br/up/a/ar/blog.agromadeam

Maslows Essay - 1160 Words

Abraham H Maslow was a psychologist who developed a theory that sought to explain human behaviour in terms of basic needs for survival and growth. (www.enotes.com. 2002). This paper will define Maslow’s theory (a ‘hierarchy of needs’) and explain how differences in priorities influence and inform upon consumer behaviour. Maslow developed his ‘hierarchy of needs’ in an attempt to describe patterns of human behaviour, and to try to understand the processes behind the actions of consumers. In essence, his theory centres on the idea of ‘motivation’, which he sees as a driving force in a person’s movement from one level of need priorities to the next. The above diagram, though not of Maslow’s own design, suggests†¦show more content†¦(The Psychology of Abraham Maslow. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1970.) When looking at Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid, it is important to understand that at any point in time you can temporarily regress back to any level within the hierarchy no matter what qualification or status you are. (B.Poston. An Exercise in Person Exploration: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs). If a lower level set of needs is no longer being met, the individual will temporarily re-prioritise those needs by focusing their attention on the unfulfilled needs, but will not permanently regress to the lower level.(The Psychology of Abraham Maslow. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1970.) It leaves the individual no option but to look for substitutes to satisfy there reprioritised needs. This can happen due to unforeseen circumstances such as an economic downturn resulting in a loss of employment. Therefore the affected individual’s attitude towards their current situation will likely contribute towards a shift in their need priorities. There are aspects to this theory that go unnoticed. For instance, when specifying the differences in consumers ‘need priorities’ that evidently affect the consumer behaviour of individuals. The term ‘need priorities’ refers to a consumers desire to have something, for example, the need for food to live. (mason.gmu.edu. 2004). Consumers will prioritise their needs in preference of which one they want first. Maslow firstShow MoreRelatedMaslows Hierarchy Of Need Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesMaslows Hierarchy of Need INTRODUCTION Many managers are puzzled by the question why some workers doing easy job remain dissatisfied, while others engaged in performance of complicated tasks are completely satisfied? What should be done for the people to work better? What stimulates their desire to work? Only knowing what are the main factors stimulating a man to act, what kind of motives lay as a basis of a man’s activities, one can try to develop an efficient system for work motivationRead MoreMaslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesself-actualized, becoming all that one has the potential of becoming. A brief case study of an interesting individual might make for a good way of exploring Maslows hierarchy in more detail. Lets move Sigmund Freud through the five original levels of Maslows hierarchy and see what we might learn of both Maslows theory, and Sigmund Freud. Maslows foundation need, the one upon all others are built upon, is physiological need. Air to breathe, food and water, and adequate sleep are all basic biologicalRead MoreEssay on Maslows Hierachy and Google908 Words   |  4 Pages1.) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory is based on a pyramid of five needs. The only way you can reach the top is by starting at the bottom and fulfilling each need. 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Theory Application to Teaching In my kindergarten classroom I apply Maslow’s theory to a certain extentRead MoreFreud And Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay2531 Words   |  11 PagesFreud And Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist and at the forefront of the humanist movement in psychology, proposed a theory concerning basic human motivations that are based upon a hierarchy of needs. (Boeree 1998, 2006) Often described or pictured as a pyramid, basic physiological drives like thirst, hunger and sleep, as well as the need for safety, shelter and some feeling of security are the motivational needs that occupy the bottom tiers of the pyramid..Read More Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs When one thinks of what families do for each other, they will most likely think of care. More specifically they think of the care that a parent has for their child. 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Fahrenheit 451 Essay Free Essays

Fahrenheit 451 Synthesis Essay In the book Fahrenheit 451, author Ray Bradbury describes a futuristic society in which it is normal for an average individual to shun and absolutely loathe books. The main character, Guy Montag, works as a fireman, and his job description consists of burning books instead of preventing fires. Television is a major topic in this book, and for the most part, is portrayed as an extremely obsessive and deleterious item. We will write a custom essay sample on Fahrenheit 451 Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, in American society however, television is a much more positive thing, and has a lot to contribute to a healthy, connected, and well informed society. In American society, television can save lives instead of destroying them. Tim Leberecht, a well-reputed blogger and columnist, proclaims, â€Å"studies indicate enormous potential for TV to serve as a health educator† (Leberecht). Television provides us with information about how to keep better health in an interesting and effective way. By using drama and popular culture references, TV educates us about health concerns and ways to prevent them. Bradbury obviously does not realize this aspect of television when he states on page 21, â€Å"If we had a fourth wall, why it’d be like this room wasn’t ours at all, but all kind of exotic people’s rooms† (Bradbury 21). Montag’s wife, Mildred, tries to convince Guy to get her a fourth TV wall, which would completely enclose her in a fake TV world. In reality, however, people make much more out of TV than in this fake, futuristic society. Television today has transformed into a machine that can make us grasp and learn difficult items with ease. TV can make us smarter (as it) contains multi threaded storylines featuring fifteen or more characters,† states www. designmind. com (Leberecht). These complexities in plot make us think extensively and outside the box, and push our minds to the limits of our computing ability. Unfortunately for the natives of the futuristic society in Fahrenheit 451, television only contains useless information that dr ives viewers to forget information about their families. â€Å"When did we meet? And where? † Montag asks his wife (Bradbury 42). TV has driven them to forget about the people that live in their own homes, as it depicted as a very negative concept. In our modern day television, however, we have the ability to understand and comprehend complicated ideas as a family, and serves to unite rather than disperse families through the art of learning. Television breaks down barriers and taps into our better selves. Tim Leberecht pronounces that â€Å"After the 1965 Watts Riots, CBS Journalist Joe Saltzman produced Black on Black, a documentary about what it means to be black in Los Angeles† (Leberecht). Television series, documentaries, and movies help to break down barriers and restrictions between race, gender, color, and creed, and make us knowledgeable about the fact that everyone is created equally in these measures. Without the aid of TV, many important movements around the world would not have taken place. A study conducted by Hollywood, Health Society, shows that â€Å"viewers of the episode (of CBS show Numb3rs on an organ donation storyline) were more likely to become registered organ donors† (Leberecht). Television informs us about ways that we can better ourselves as well as help others. On page 20 of Fahrenheit 451, Mildred memorizes the simplistic and useless storylines of the television shows she watches (Bradbury 20). On the other hand, in the real world we have many TV programs where we can learn and apply the right things to do in life, instead of committing to memory the ways to respond to a fake TV family and life. Television brings family and friends together in ways that make everyone feel comfortable and entertained. â€Å"Televised events like the Super Bowl, the Olympics and the World Cup give us a rare opportunity to share a moment in time with the world,† proclaims Tim Leberecht of www. esignmind. com (Leberecht). With our busy lives, we almost never take out time to spend with our loved ones, and these televised events are when the majority of people meet up and have fun. â€Å"Millie? Does the White Clown love you? Does your ‘family’ love you, love you with all their heart and soul, Millie? † Montag asks Mildred (Bradbury 7 7). Guy Montag is questioning his wife out of desperation, and is extremely curious to know if she believes that her fake TV family really loves her. From this we can see that he is truly disappointed with life and his wife’s immoral addiction to television. We must keep in mind that our society today is not as dumbed down and obsessed with fake parlor shows that spread real, tangible people apart as Mildred is. TV today is a source of knowledge and learning, and creates the perfect circumstances and settings for the getting together of the people that really matter the most. One of the most important aspects of television is its ability to strengthen democracy and teach the law. â€Å"Seventy-two percent (of the US population) learn about elections and candidates from TV news,† states www. designmind. om (Leberecht). TV brings us information that is essential to maintaining our freedom and our guaranteed rights. It also provides us with news about the world, and of countries that have strayed off the path of democracy and the consequences that they are forced to endure through because of that. â€Å"The search is over, Montag is dead; a crime against society has been avenged,† claims the TV news anchor in Fahrenheit 451 (B radbury 149). In reality, Guy is still alive and on the loose, but the news gives out fake information to the population. The news in Montag’s society is just a source of propaganda, instead of the true, insightful, informative, un-biased news we have broadcasting 24/7 in the modern day United States. Television saves lives, empowers health, makes us smarter, breaks down barriers, makes us better people, brings loved ones together, and strengthens democracy. TV is clearly a force that informs, entertains, and makes us the best that we can possibly be every single day. Works Cited Leberecht, Tim. â€Å"10 Reasons Why TV Is Good For You. † Design Mind. 27 July 2010. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967. Print. How to cite Fahrenheit 451 Essay, Essays

Management of Human Resources Across Borders & Talent Acquisition

Question: Write a report about the "management of human resources across borders talent acquisition". Answer: No business run only on automation and machines only because there are the resources which manage automated jobs and machines as well. These are human resources and are the force behind the success or failure of the business. At Walmart, human resources are diversified and they bring different perceptions and values to the table. The very promising reason for such a diversified cultured workforce is that it is the era of globalization and Walmart have stepped into the world with its presence in more than 28 countries of the world. (Walmart Website) The best ideology in human resource practices at Walmart is that there are associates not employees. The word Associate have simple message that everyone at Walmart is companion in the business. Its easier said than done in terms of managing the human resources across the global places of Walmart. Its human resource management that manages workforce of approx. two million associates. (Walmart Website) So HR department at Walmart is called The People Division and this division also assures that company functions in the risk-free environment and the graph of success tends to grow better each day. Since in this section, our focus is to understand the human resource strategies that helped Walmart to achieve success in revenues and also to keep its associates happy and growing. Walmart offers low cost products to its customers and for this, there is lot more up and down curves regulated by HR .Human resource department takes care of all steps to hold the costs and saving in cost gives benefits to customers and to associates of Walmart. At Walmart, its downward decision making strategy. It means that new joiners, lower level associates and section managers are empowered to take decisions. Such approach saves time and for sure, enhances the worth of the employees. At Walmart, business planning is in calibration with HR practices and this reduces the peril situation of failure. Associates are rewarded for their good performances in various terms whether it be delivering quality or cost saving. HR department at Walmart have always believed and applied in the concept of placing right person at right job and by hiring the qualified candidate, human resource department sets the right platform for the present and future goals of the company. Training program and de velopment strategies of human resource department makes associates understand the biggest risk to business-the risk of lower sales or risk of rejection by customers. By the time associates are in touch with customer and other dealings of the business, they are stable enough to cater the supreme customer base and adding value to the organization. (Michael Bergdahl, 2010). Observing the success trends set by human resource departments, one can assume that processes are running smooth and easy but no deny in the fact-nothing worth comes easy and worth of Walmart is massive and gigantic. There are snags that need to be taken care in order to manage the workforce on which the success of Walmart depends. Workplace privacy is one of the area which employees express all over the world. Employees are not entitled to privacy in the use of workplace computers, which belong to their employers and pose significant dangers in terms of diminished productivity and even employer liability.(Workplace fairness) Walmart faces performance problems and most important of them are: -Absenteeism that causes loss in productivity. -Reporting issues -Somewhere hostile workplace relations. (Thompson, Andrew 2015) -Prime focus on cost cutting always not ensures good productivity because it may result in higher attrition. It happens when employees are under continuous stress or work pressure. Though the count of such issues is less but the impact is multi-faced and thus human resource department needs crucial steps regarding the same. Management play an important role to tackle such issues and there are suggestions to improve the workplace environment .Due care should be taken while applying international management concepts in different countries where Walmart have presence. Unity in diversity is right when applied well. Flexibility of work hours is also great incentive for employees that management may consider. Make the reporting clear because its the bosses with employee works nor the products neither the services. Walmarts human resource management is always on the lookout for other performance problems that can be solved through HR training, compensation, and related approaches. References: Bergdahl, Michael 2010, How the HR division at Wal-Mart drives the company's success through people. Workplace fairness, The Good, The Bad and Wal-mart. Thompson, Andrew 2015,Walmarts HRM: Training, Performance Management.